Oryx crake study notes Free Essays

Snowman everyday environments are as per the following he rests on a metal bed with sleeping cushion, he is destitute, and he drinks water with twigs and earth in it from an overflow. 2. Snow man updates a portion of his contemplations in the part the voice since he misses human to human contact and he continues hearing distinctive lady voices in his mind. We will compose a custom exposition test on Oryx crake study notes or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now 3. Snowman resembles the odious snowman since he is puzzling, alone, and thinks he is a urban legend. 4. Can’t discover words ;you did this;. 5. Creatures were being scorched in the bond fire saw by youthful Jimmy, they were being singed in light of the illness. 6. The showdowns are significant between Jimmy guardians in the bond fire part since it got Jimmy in the clear for consuming his hair. 7. The objective of the pigeon demonstrate that at natural ranches was to develop additional organs so they will have saves when the need them. 8. Ramona is one of Jimmy dad’s collaborators what Jimmy sees about her is that she is a lot more youthful than Jimmy’s father and that she asked about Jimmy’s mother despite the fact that. The planeloads are the urban areas. The mixes are vastly different from the urban communities they are ensured, don’t have illnesses in them, and have much greater security. 10. I think Jimmy’s mother implies that she thinks she Is contaminated yet not by a similar infection however something that isn’t infectious or hazardous and it influences her own psychological capacity. The most effective method to refer to Oryx crake study notes, Papers

Macbeth †explain in an essay format how I would direct Act2, Scene1 Essay

I am presently going to clarify in a paper position how I would coordinate Act2, Scene1 and what I would change from how the play has been initially appeared. In the event that I was coordinating Act 2 Scene 1, I would need Macbeth to appear to the crowd as though he is splitting under the weight and for him to seem crazy, miserable and uncertain. Macbeth acts not the same as when we previously observed him with Banquo, as now he is going to carry out a wrongdoing of treachery and murder his dearest King. This is totally different from when we previously considered him to be he adored his King and he would kick the bucket for him yet now it is backward. This is significant that the crowd comprehend he is altogether different and not a similar individual because of his insatiability for power. It is basic that he is depicted along these lines so the crowd can see he is more fragile and more regrettable of particularly as his better half, Lady Macbeth has been compelling him in to finishing his assignment of killing King Duncan. In the event that it was not for his better half, at that point I don't feel that Macbeth would have proceeded with it. This change in Macbeth’s character will ideally have an effect on the crowd so they can perceive how the three witches and his significant other have influenced him and his perspective. Macbeth is understanding that he is more fragile than he suspected and that he is committing an error, he doesn’t need to submit the homicide however his better half pushes and weights him into murdering his King. This shows the crowd that as of now Lady Macbeth is more grounded than Macbeth and in a superior perspective. He begins to envision things and this is an indication of him being crazy, and intellectually unsteady. â€Å"Is this a blade which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me Grip thee.† p. 43 This discourse is significant in the comprehension of Macbeth’s job in this scene. So I would need Macbeth to be sitting toward the finish of a table and to †¦ state this so that the crowd can see him turning intellectually crazy. I would need him saying the sentence gradually and contrarily, underlining â€Å"toward† as though he is shocked about it, additionally holding a knife infront of him taking a gander at it here and there with eyes that look obscured feeling the cutting edge. Likewise I would need a low-calculated shot indicating him overcastting the camera to give that additional dash of franticness during the principal line. At that point I would likewise have a nearby of him holding the blade to get his face and knife in a similar camera went for the last two lines. To add to the pressure of this discourse there would be music playing out of sight that would be farley substantial to give the impression of fiendishness and what is going to occur. This will make the crowd handle his character and comprehend what he is experiencing as of now in the play. After this discourse I would have had Macbeth strolling up the steps with the blade looking surprised and crazy and afterward I would have him raise it over his head as he arrived at the highest point of the steps. After he comes out of the room I would make them look down at his hands prepared to slow down and disintegrate at his knees. When he arrives at his room I would have him breakdown onto the bed and lay there feeling regretful. Additionally when he sees his hands I would have him begin to cry tears to show that he is a weakling and shaky.

A View from a Bridge by Arthur Miller Essay Example for Free

A View from a Bridge by Arthur Miller Essay There are a few variables which lead to Eddies possible decay. The fundamental ones were things like the impact of the general public, impact of the individuals around him and at last himself featuring his reluctance to arrange and his exorbitantly cozy relationship with Catherine. About all the characters in the story were answerable for Eddies possible defeat. In page 39, Catherine says: You wanna move Rodolfo? Now Eddie freezes in clear objection. Rodolfo faculties that Eddie is miserable about her hitting the dance floor with him so Rodolfo answers: No, I-Im tired in protection to Eddie. Beatrice compounds the situation by saying: Go ahead, move, Rodolfo. Eddie especially didnt like the reality the Catherine had put on high heels in the house, just to establish a decent connection with a youngster (Rodolfo) before the moving episode. Eddie says: Whats the high heels for Garbo? Alfieri is additionally to fault for the demise of Eddie. In page 58-59, Alfieri and Marco have a protracted discussion. Assume control over Alfieri didnt succeed. Alfieri says: Im pausing, Marco, what do you say? at that point further onwards Rodolfo says: Marco, tell the man Marco answers: He realizes such a guarantee is shameful Marco unmistakably has pride for himself which he feels that he could lose. Alfieri then guarantees that Marco won't hurt Eddie for the benefit of him yet this guarantee was apparently unbound. Vortexes endeavor to consistently be the man of the house was a factor prompting his breakdown. Vortexes Sicilian foundation bury joins with his 1950s thoughts of masculinity since it implied that he must be masculine and be the person who heads out to work. Eddie demonstrates his masculinity when he begins to be serious with Marco and Rodolfo for example when he begins to encourage him Boxing. Eddie says: all around please , Ill show you and afterward when Marco showed Eddie that he could get a seat with one hand, Eddie looked cranky on the grounds that he couldnt do it, he had a feeling that he was beaten. Numerous individuals admire Eddie and he knows it which is a reason to his defeat. In page 25 Louis says: Believe me, Eddie; you got a lotta credit comin to you. Vortexes neighborhood propels him a ton since he is so worried about his regard in the local he overlooks what he is doing to the individuals near him. This is indicated when at the last scene he continued requesting regard. Eddie says: wipin the area with my name like filthy cloth ; I need my name back Marco , now gimme my name and we go together to the wedding. Because of this Eddie passed on.

Lessons In A New Light free essay sample

Difficult work played as my way of life to set myself up for this specific season. Sweat continually trickled off my face as my feet under me moved quickly over the smooth wooden court. With my focus on the awesome end goal, nothing could stop me. The brute inside me had been caught for a really long time and it wouldn't have been long until it broke free. Each shot I took ached for flawlessness as my arm loosened up with fingertips down. Achievement filled my lungs at whatever point I attempted to inhale while progressing in the direction of my objective. Everything I could consider was the means by which extraordinary the inclination would be the point at which I at long last get the opportunity to substantiate myself to somebody who looks downward on me. Yielding my time, exertion, and life to show signs of improvement at the game I love intended to set aside pride and dread just as uncertainty. My affection for the sport of b-ball as overpowered me with enthusiasm that thunders like ocean during a tempest. We will compose a custom exposition test on Exercises In A New Light or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Little subtleties of the game on and off the court are what I experience passionate feelings for each second I get the chance to play. The roundness of the ball that represents no closure and all the modest little knocks that my fingers delicately slide against while contacting the ball sends chills down my spine. The quick pace of the game skyrockets my adrenaline consistently the clock strikes down. As I am in the zone yet encircled by the numerous clamors originating from swarm, a kind of harmony discharges inside me and all through my psyche; I was just quieting the tempest with the idea of winning. Openings are never conveyed as a blessing, they are taken. I realized it was my opportunity to take an open door that had been provoking me for a considerable length of time. I was at last prepared for this b-ball season to begin. Tragically, the entirety of the unexpected my fantasies about turning into as well as could be expected be broken in merely one night. I woke up from my lay down with an irritated throat that made it hard to relax. My heart dropped down into my rib confine at whatever point I investigated the mirror and saw white spots on the rear of the throat that had become for the time being. In spite of the fact that my manifestations of fatigue and shortcoming stung all through my body, my psyche was resolved to remain on the court regardless of what condition went over my way. My mom wound up taking me to the specialist and tried me for strep and mono. At the point when the specialist strolled back exposed splendid stay with a disagreeable look all over, I realized something wasn't right. I had contracted the case mono. From the start I thought it was no biggie and I would unquestionably recoup in the blink of an eye, however that was not the situation. This disorder made my body gradually shu t somewhere around depleting out each ounce of vitality I had left inside me. This was just the starting to a long excursion. Battling with all the force I had left, I made my recuperation time quicker so I could play once more. I missed many games and works on during that time yet I never dismissed the prize I strived for. Consistently I restored my quality and vitality to preform furthering my potential benefit. Despite the fact that my attitude had been to crush my rivals and serve my colleagues for instance on the court, my job for that season became to be a pioneer off the court. What I didn't understand was that I could never step back on that court as a danger for the remainder of the period. For my power to abandon me and make me watch as the entirety of my different colleagues get the chance to play changed my perspective. I fell into misery since I was unable to communicate the enthusiasm I had for the game that I love. All my difficult work and exertion presently turned into an exercise in futility. When I confronted the truth that betrayed me, I learn a wide range of exercises on the most profic ient method to turn into a warrior off the court. I grew great sportsmanship propensities and showed myself how to energize my colleagues. I became hopelessly enamored with game once more since I got the opportunity to understand it from with a better point of view. My way to triumph after the entirety of my difficult work had impacted and turned into another way prompting dignity and more inspiration to get incredible. Despite the fact that nobody else trusted in me, I realized that I needed to settle on a decision to put stock in myself and continue taking a stab at the prize. Extensions were singed however at long last, exercises were found out. Regardless of what impediments I confronted, I remembered that confidence was the main route prompting triumph.

Vivid Dreams and Nightmares in Bipolar Disorder

Vivid Dreams and Nightmares in Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Print Bipolar Disorder Dreams and Sleep Disturbances By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 19, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 22, 2019 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Ralf Nau/Stone/Getty Images Disturbed sleep is common in people who have bipolar disorder.?? Many experience vivid dreams and nightmares, coupled with either  insomnia or too much sleep, depending on whether theyre in a manic or depressive episode. Here is some more information on vivid dreams, like nightmares and even night terrors, in bipolar disorder. Vivid Dreams and Nightmares In people without sleeping problems, there is more deep sleep at first. Then as time passes, periods of REM sleep become longer. This general pattern, however, can be distorted or disrupted by any one of a number of sleep disorders or disturbances, many of which have been shown to be associated with bipolar disorder.?? One example of a sleep disturbance is a parasomnia called nightmares.  Nightmares occur during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and they cause a person to wake up abruptly from sleep. Some experts believe that nightmares in people with bipolar disorder may provide clues to their current mood. For example, according to an article in  Mental Health Reviews,  the authors suggest that dreams about death and injury may signal a persons shift to a manic episode. On the other hand, in a depressed episode, a persons dreams may consist of anxiety-related themes.?? In addition to vivid dreams and nightmares, the pattern of sleep can provide clues to a persons mood. In a depressive episode, significant insomnia coupled with vivid dreams is common, as opposed to a decreased need for sleep during a manic episode. During a depressive episode, a person often has an extremely difficult time falling back asleep. If they do fall asleep, they only get shut-eye for short periods of time, like 15 minutes to an hour, and the sleep is often unpleasant, restless, and filled with life-like dreams. This restless sleep can lead to anxiety and frustration, as a person desires to sleep so badly. It can also cause problems in functioning throughout the next day, including cognitive problems, like memory impairment.   Night Terrors Night terrors are also an example of a parasomnia. Night terrors do not occur during REM sleep and are not dreams, although they have nightmarish elements. They occur instead either during deep sleep or in a transitional state between deep and dreaming sleep. Like nightmares, a person having a night terror will wake up abruptly. But unlike nightmares, they are confused and often do not talk or appear to be fully awake to their loved ones.   Night terrors are rare in adults, yet bipolar disorders and depression with anxiety are factors associated with adults who report night terrors.?? Examples of night terrors reported in adults with bipolar disorder include walls closing in on them or insects or reptiles crawling over their bedroom. In these episodes, people are known to  appear  to awaken, recognize no one, and exhibit symptoms of extreme fear, even screaming, thrashing around, or running from the bedroom. Sleep Disturbances Like Nightmares in Children Children too with bipolar disorder suffer from sleep disturbances. According to a 2012 study in  Front Psychiatry,  approximately 70 percent of children reported insomnia during a depressive episode and 50 percent reported a decreased need for sleep during a manic or hypomanic episode.?? Of course, like adults, sleep symptoms may also occur during periods of remission too. Also, children who suffer from bipolar disorder suffer disproportionately from nightmares. In fact,  dreams of explicit violence, gore, and death are common symptoms as are dreams that signal a fear of abandonment. Of course, most children experience nightmares on occasion. But children with bipolar disorder can experience prolonged nightmares that last hours. A Word From Verywell Good sleep is important for both mental and physical health and research suggests that poor sleep can contribute to relapses in bipolar disorder. Therefore, if youre troubled by vivid dreams, be sure to talk to your doctor about it. Some medications may be able to suppress your dreams so you can get a more peaceful nights sleep.

Synthesis Examples

Synthesis Examples Synthesis Synthesis means putting together separate parts to make a whole. When you are asked to synthesize something in a literary sense, it most commonly means taking information presented in multiple texts and putting it together to form one new text that includes information from separate sources. Synthesis is more than summarizing. When you synthesize information, you put together information in a new way. Instead of just summarizing what different sources say on a topic, you pull together the information from the various sources to say something new and more complex than the original texts. If you are asked to synthesize information, it is best to think about all of the things you have read and then develop a main idea or thesis for your own writing before you begin. This will help you to avoid just summarizing the different texts. Examples of Synthesis: When scholars do a literature review as part of a dissertation study, they are engaging in synthesis. The research and read many different articles and studies pertaining to their topic and then determine what the current literature has to say about the topic. They must synthesize the current literature in order to say something meaningful about it. Doctors engage in synthesis when they read various lab reports and data. For example, a doctor may review blood work or labs, review basic vital signs such as temperature and blood pressure, and also listen to what the patient is saying about how he or she feels. The doctor will synthesize information from all of these sources to determine a diagnosis and treatment plan. Here is a brief example of synthesizing information given in several sentences. Marissa saw a strange man enter the gym this morning. He was dressed in a suit. Caroline was in the gym when a man came in and talked to Coach Carter for several minutes. They walked around the gym looking at some places where paint was chipped and where the bleachers were cracked. Joseph overhead one of the secretaries in the front office saying that the superintendent would be visiting today to look at the building and any budget needs for the next year. Synthesis: The superintendent visited the school today, and he went to the gym. He talked with Coach Carter, who showed him some areas in the gym that may need renovation or repairing as part of the budget process.

Interpersonal Assertiveness - 1121 Words

Paper One: Assertiveness Distinguishing Between Assertive, Aggressive, and Passive Behavior Daniel R. Ames, author of â€Å"In Search of the Right Touch: Interpersonal Assertiveness in Organizational Life† (2008) for Current Directions in Psychological Science, defines assertiveness as: †¦ a spectrum of interpersonal behavior that emerges when two or more parties’ interests or positions are in, or seem to be in, conflict – ranging from avoidance or passivity to accommodation and yielding to firm pursuit of personal objectives to aggression and combativeness. (p. 381) Simply stated, assertion remains a wide-standing range of possible interactions during a moment of misalignment between a minimum of two individuals. Assertion is the avenue through†¦show more content†¦Notwithstanding the benefits of consistency in leadership ethics, character, and reliability, assertion stands apart in that developing a suitably applied range, creates longer term organizational success. Leaders with masterful assertiveness skills create safe environments which allow: self-expression by all levels, confronting issues directly, honesty, and sensitivity (Robbins Hunsaker, 2012, p. 26). â€Å"Assertiveness facilitates more effective interactions because it lessens defensiveness, domination, putting down other people, wishy-washiness, and similar dysfunctional behaviors,† (Robbins Hunsaker, 2012, p. 26). Scott Edinger, author of â€Å"The One Skill All Leaders Should Work On† (2012) for the Harvard Business Review highlights the benefit of balanced assertive leaders as a magnification tool for other strengths (para. 1). Looking beyond the goal of balance, Edinger (2012) argues that more challenges are created through a lack of assertion than too much (para. 2). Namely, individuals that are not inhibited to voice their opinions – right, wrong, or indifferent – are at a minimum understood; whereas silence creates a potential interpretation of alignment. Assertiveness for leaders creates a communication channel which fosters relationships, createsShow MoreRelatedInterpersonal skills: listening, coaching, Assertiveness Essay799 Words   |  4 PagesInterpersonal skills Many argued that the way we interact with others define who we are. Skills such as listening can help us deal with confusion and prevent misunderstanding. People with assertiveness skills are mostly known to be confident and comfortable in some critical situations. Those who have the negotiation skills are prepared to conclude or discuss deal settlement or contract settlement. Furthermore, in an organization a good feedback method can help staff or a company to improve. CommunicationRead More Being Assertive Essay1301 Words   |  6 PagesAssertive Assertiveness is an ability to take action in a positive, sincere, respectful, and confident way. It is also an ability to communicate directly using language that is to the point, taking initiative, focusing on solutions, addressing problems, taking ownership of problems, and bringing the problems to a close. Assertiveness can also mean being firm, patient, persistent, pushing someone into action, encouraging, and not compromising on the solution to the problem. Assertiveness requires flexibilityRead MoreAggressive and Assertive Communication2482 Words   |  10 PagesThis paper will be based on a real life working situation where aggressive communication was displayed. The essay will start off with the importance of handling interpersonal conflict. It will go on to discuss about aggressive and assertive communication, its advantages as well as its disadvantages. The scenario will then be explained in accordance to the relevant communication style displayed. This essay would exemp lify how aggressive communication makes situations worst through the scenario. AggressiveRead MoreInterpersonal Skills : Definitions And Usage Examples For Business Settings954 Words   |  4 PagesInterpersonal Skills: Definitions and Usage Examples for Business Settings submitted on Tuesday, 17 May 2016, 12:54 PM Listening Definition: â€Å"The ability to hear attentively and process information correctly.† (Lombardo n.d.) Use in Business: A good manager pays attention to dialogue with and between workers, peers, and seniors in the workplace. When conversing with one’s coworkers, superiors, and underlings, it is important to engage in active listening, which encourages the listener to give his/herRead MoreInterpersonal Skills Are The Lifeblood Of An Efficient Business1051 Words   |  5 PagesI sincerely feel interpersonal skills are the lifeblood of an efficient business. In the sections to follow I hope to shed some light on many of these skills and prove how important they are in business; Listening According to skillsyouneed.com, Listening is the ability accurately to receive and interpret messages in the communication process. â€Å" (listening skills ). This may sound as a passive skill however it is far from it. A good listener is actively involved in trying to understand the informationRead MoreHow Skills Can Be Important For Business815 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Excellent interpersonal, social and interactive skills are a precious commodity in the world of business. Since these are treasured abilities, it is imperative to master each competency for current and future entrepreneurial success. This report defines 7 interpersonal skills, listening, assertiveness, negotiation, feedback, persuasion, interviewing, and coaching. There will be an example of how each skill is used in business. In addition, a website will be provided as a resourceRead MoreEssay on Effective Assertive Management1308 Words   |  6 PagesAssertiveness is an ability to take action in a positive, sincere, respectful, and confident way. It is also an ability to communicate directly using language that is to the point, taking initiative, focusing on solutions, addressing problems, taking ownership of problems, and bringing the problems to a close. Assertiveness can also mean being firm, patient, persistent, pushing someone into action, encouraging, and not compromising on the solution to the problem. Assertiveness requires flexibilityRead MorePersonal Reflection1710 Words   |  7 Pagesbehaviour on others. Therefore one of the many benefits of self awareness for myself may be understanding my colleagues, learning to relax, identifying my strengths and weaknesses and indentifying my own learning needs, Burnard (1997). I perceive assertiveness of which Siviter (2008, p.116) defines as respecting the rights and feelings of others whilst standing up for yourself and your own rights as a necessary skill which will further facilitate a gain in self confidence. In order to be assertive itRead MoreThe Effects Of Interpersonal Skills On Business1120 Words   |  5 PagesInterpersonal Skills in Business Being able to efficiently pass information from manager to employee is one of the most important interactions that can occur within a business setting; without strong interpersonal skills a manager cannot effectively direct their staff on how to handle situations or to pass on the necessary skills from training. There are seven key skills that a manager needs to learn to insure that their employees are trained, their staff is able to bring concerns to the managerRead MoreGood Practices of Communication within a Team1174 Words   |  5 Pagespractice is to establish a dialogue and hold a common ground as a team. This means to not treat the team as a debate with others, but rather with mutual respect. My second good practice in communication looks as individual communication skills, and assertiveness. My third practice views team communication skills, including team conflict resolution. The final good practice looks how to communicate during the decision making process as a team. In addition a useful technique in part of decision making is

Interdisciplinary Early Childhood Education Standard II...

Interdisciplinary Early Childhood Education Standard II Rationale For IECE KTS II, I selected a Classroom Management Plan (CMP) that demonstrates my ability to create and maintain an emotionally and physically healthy safe environment that supports full inclusion. The CMP task has two components. One is an Inclusive Learning Environment that I designed and includes an indoor and outdoor floor plan for an inclusive environment. The report explains the principles and context for preparation of the learning environment to maximize the opportunities for full inclusion. The second component is a research-based Three-Tiered approach for Addressing Challenging Behavior. It includes strategies to prevent challenging behavior, support social-emotional competencies, and address chronic patterns of misbehavior. I also included a reflective analysis that connects my thoughts and practices from my CMP with my two student teaching placements. Finally, I have selected several lesson plan analyses and observation forms that were observed and recorded during my student teaching placements at Stonestreet Elementary. The Inclusive Learning Environment demonstrates my ability to maintain an emotionally and physically healthy and safe environment by explaining how I create a supportive learning environment and guidance plan that can be implemented in the least restrictive environment. By using a carefully structured, but open floor plan in my environment design, I am promoting a healthy and

Questions And Questions On Analytical Skills - 983 Words

Whilst we can agree that brainteasers are fun way to spend a few minutes (or hours!), but what is the reason behind job interviews using them. As mentioned above, the idea behind brainteasers in an interview isn’t about finding the correct answer, but more about the journey to an answer. In fact, the candidate’s ability to answer a brainteaser (right or wrong) can reveal more information to the interviewer and help the interviewer understand whether the person is the right fit for the role. Brainteasers generally help the interviewer to analyse the candidate’s proficiency in: †¢ Problem solving – How fast can you analyse the problem in question and come up with a possible solution? †¢ Critical thinking – Are you able to see the big picture and evaluate all the different options and aspects behind the question? †¢ Analytical skills – What is your ability to analyse different pieces of data and use them to determine probability? Are you able to make calculations based on the information you have available? †¢ Creativity and out-of-the-box thinking – Can you take an innovative approach to problems? Can you see past the ‘obvious’ solutions and surprise the interviewer with a fresh approach? †¢ Their ability to think on their feet – Are you able to come up with a solution even when you haven’t been able to prepare for it? †¢ Their ability to perform under pressure – Will you be able to remain calm and composed even when you’re presented a tricky brainteaser? When faced with aShow MoreRelatedWhat Are Some Interesting Details Of The Reading?797 Words   |  4 Pagesintelligent thinking is balanced by three important elements, which are analytical thinking, creative thinking and practical thinking. Intelligent thinking is the process of asking and answering questions. When we apply all the three elements into the process, we think intelligently. Every time we think, we think with a purpose, which means, we have to know why we ask questions. Additionally, successfully intelligent thinking is a skill that can be improved along lifetime (Summarized from Keys to NursingRead MoreMy Results for the StrengthsQuest Assessment 981 Words   |  4 Pagesfive strengths have been fairly consistent each time I take the assessment, with only one of my top five wavering back and forth (futuristic and deliberative). This most recent time I took the assessment, my top five strengths were competition, analytical, individualization, focus, and futuristic. The first time I took the StrengthsQuest assessment and saw that my top strength was competition, I doubted the legitimacy of the results. I wouldn’t have defined myself as â€Å"competitive.† Sure, I loveRead MoreProposed Changes Of The Cpa Exam1100 Words   |  5 PagesPROPOSED CHANGES IN THE CPA EXAM Introduction In order to adapt to the changing needs of professionals in the accounting industry and maintain the relevance of current accounting skills, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) has made the decision to remake the CPA exam. During the January 2014 to September 1, 2015 timeframe, the AICPA used a number of focus groups, which included supervisors of newly-licensed CPAs, practicing CPAs, and boards of accountancy members. TheseRead MoreThe Current Practice Of Classroom Assessment1369 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Lee (2010) quantitative method to collect data concerning the practices of 51 Korean teacher to assess student’s skills. The questionnaire provides details about the current practice of classroom assessment. It was noticed that in Korean middle schools performance based tasks were mainly focused, classroom speaking assessment was mostly conducted in the form of testing using speaking performance tasks to evaluate the topic or follow the education policy of Korea. Assessment practicesRead MoreThe Current Practice Of Classroom Assessment1479 Words   |  6 Pagesliterate means that they should have knowledge about the assessment strategies, techniques and concepts (Rogier, 2014). According to Lee (2010) quantitative method to collect data concerning the practices of 51 Korean teacher to assess student’s skills. The questionnaire provides details about the current practice of classroom assessment. It was noticed that in Korean middle schools performance based tasks were mainly focused, classroom speaking assessment was mostly conducted in the form of testingRead MoreThe Collegiate Learning Assessment ( Cla )782 Words   |  4 Pagesqualification for positions. Many employers have argued that new graduates do not possess the necessary skills to succeed in the workforce. There has been increasing concern about grade inflation, which has led many employers to administer assessments developed by independent agencies. It is in this climate of accountability that the CAE developed the CLA in 2000, which is designed to measure the skills needed to function in a 21st century work environment. Description of instrument or instruments TheRead MoreSkills of a Forensic Accountant1348 Words   |  5 PagesForensic Accountant Skills Forensic accountants need many skills, but the top five most important skills are analytical ability, a desire to be ethical, an interest in being detail oriented, being insightful, and being responsive. All of these skills are seriously needed by those who are focused on forensic accounting, since these individuals must look into fraudulent and suspicious activity that is seen in a company (Buckhoff Schrader, 2000). Additionally, some companies hire forensic accountantsRead MoreWhy My Leadership Style Is The Application Of Critical Thinking757 Words   |  4 Pagespowerful learning experience at this point in my program is the application of critical thinking. People who are analytical thinkers can comprehend and implement critical thinking techniques easy, because they are second nature to them. They will question a question and look at the depth of the situation in a logical way. I possess some analytical traits, but I am not a true analytical person which makes the applicatio n of critical thinking a challenge. I will use Elder’s and Paul’s critical thinkingRead MoreWhat Type Of Design Use Conduct Research?755 Words   |  4 Pagesresearchers will choose from depends on the research questions and hypothesis. In most cases the designs will contain some of the same elements but the data, and results will differ in the end. This paper will examine quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods research design of the two articles. Quantitative Research Approach: Research Questions. This study will not include hypotheses but there will be research questions addressed in the study. The questions consist of the following: RQ 1: Why is textingRead MoreScholarship Of Teaching And Learning ( Sotl ) Project Plan849 Words   |  4 Pageswill choose from depends on the research questions and hypothesis. In most cases the designs will contain some of the same elements but, the data and the results will differ in the end. This paper will examine quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods research design of the two articles. Quantitative Research Approach: Research Questions. This study will not include hypotheses but, there will be research questions addressed in the study. The questions consist of the following: RQ 1: Why is texting

The Winnipeg General Strike A Rift Between Western...

Laura Alb CHC2Dc Stage 2 Research Report The Winnipeg General Strike Research Question: How does the Winnipeg general Strike mark a rift between western Canadian employers and labour workers? Outline: I) Introduction - General Background information - Focus statement: This paper will focus on the opposition between western Canadian labour unions’ resolve to play a larger role in politics and industry and employers’ objection to comply with them. II) The progress of the strike: a demonstration of workers’ neglect and aspirations A) Climate conducive to strikes (radicalism, creation of One Big Union, inflation, unemployment, post WWI setting, difficult working conditions, employers not willing to negotiate) B) Course of the strike (unison, role of women, Winnipeg paralysis) III) The Failure of the strike: the strength of employers in a capitalist country A) Opposition’s response and resources (Accusations on part of Committee of 1,000 and Winnipeg’s leading newspapers) B) The federal Government’s response: supporting employers. (Arrest of 10 Central Strike Committee leaders; 2 One Big Union members; â€Å"Bloody Saturday†; violence towards strikers.) VI) Societal impact: A divided nation A) Bitterness among labour unions B) Increased unionism and disposal to fight C) No settlement between workers and their employees. VIII) Conclusion Notes Bib. 1: Bercuson, David J. Confrontation at Winnipeg: Labour, Industrial Relations, and the General Strike. (Book) Bib. 2:

Effects of the Differences in Tax Systems Free Essays

Of late, differences in the tax systems between countries have been a subject of debate and have occupied center stage in most forums. Due to this, we shall now focus on the various effects that have been generated by these differences. Notably, the essay will focus on Japan whose corporate tax rate is the second highest in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of the Differences in Tax Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Disparities in the taxation systems between countries give the multinational companies an opportunity to interfere with their transfer prices. For instance, a business man in Japan may chose to understate his sales revenue which is originating from an affiliate in a low tax country while at the same time overstate his purchases from the low tax country (Carroll, 20050). By so doing, the businessman will have shifted most of his reported profits to the low tax countries which will further translate into a reduction of the tax liability or will have participated in tax evasion. Also, the disparities in the tax systems across countries encourage some multinational companies to report disproportionate profits to the low tax countries. In line with this, reports have shown that over 70% of countries with non U. S profits earned by U. S multinational firms are normally taxed at an effective tax rate of below 10%. Precisely, Japan has an effective tax rate of 2. 5%. In addition; the differences in the tax systems between countries give room for corruption (Carroll, 20050). This is in most cases initiated by the tax officials who normally take advantage of the tax payers who are not aware of the procedures to be followed in tax administration. The differences in tax systems have also created an avenue for tax bureaucracy. This normally arise when the disgruntled, low salaried tax officials play a role in protecting the tax evaders who in turn avail some percentage of the tax evaded to them. This was the case in Japan back in 1993 when there was the tax evasion scandal involving Kanemaru Shin. At this point, it is worth concluding with an opinion that numerous measures need to be undertaken to eliminate the negative effects of the difference in tax systems. For instance, countries should standardize the procedures which will make the tax systems to be more transparent and will enhance the integrity of the same (Carroll, 20050). Finally, the tax systems should introduce incentive reforms like the salary incentives which will definitely go a long way in eradicating the corrupt behavior of tax officials. How to cite Effects of the Differences in Tax Systems, Papers

Sunday dinner free essay sample

Osso Bucco with sauteed garlic and spinach can bring a family together better than a Christmas morning. It goes like this: around four every Sunday my dad comes home with grocery bags filled with fresh produce and newly cut meat. Around six, the smell of sizzling olive oil and an array of different seasonings fill the entire house. By seven my sister and I are trapped in the kitchen mooching off my dad for samples. We fill up on the Italian baguette. At eight, it’s time to set the table: five placemats, four bowls of food, three utensils, two candles, and one cat waiting for her share of the meal. At eight-thirty, we feast. We’ve always been welcoming people, inviting different characters in our lives to join us in our weekly tradition. From long lost family members to new beaus, the mahogany table that sits in our dining room is used by all with rumbling stomachs. We will write a custom essay sample on Sunday dinner or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My dad uses this dinner time to summarize our weeks by asking detailed questions about our daily lives, my mother talks about Andy Roddick’s serve while my brother is intrigued with the meal and my sister is playing on her Nintendo. I use this time for thoughts and bonding. To my right I have my sister’s nine year old friend, whose knowledge is limited to recess and Justin Bieber. To my left I have my mom’s best friend from high school, who ended up as an Avon sales representative. Instead of eating, she’s asking why our skin isn’t flawless. My grandma is at the table, and as she eats she’s showering her grandkids with compliments and â€Å"I love you† cards. I, on the other hand, have my best friend who made the unknown mistake of hanging with me on a Sunday night. I’ve learned to appreciate dinner. I’ve learned that even little sisters have problems and need advice from their older siblings. I’ve learned how hil arious my mom is as well as how my dad’s intimidating face is just an act. I’ve learned to stir the risotto clockwise, always. Never has being right where I am been so perfect. I don’t make plans on Sunday night; I have a standing subconscious commitment because when someone’s missing from the table, dinner isn’t complete. I like my chair, my plate, my glass, my reserved spot. I like seeing my parents smile at each other over a nice glass of Pinot Noir. I like having my brother and sister by my side to joke around with. I like good food. I like having a comforting, good, feeling with those that I love over some mashed potatoes. I like Sunday dinner and I’ll be eagerly waiting for my first Sunday back from college.

The evaluation of the argument from a bumper sticker

Regardless of its innocent surface, a bumper sticker including an equation with the word marriage in its left side and the components of 1 man and 1 woman united with a summation sign in its right side conveys a number of implied arguments. The overt argument of this sticker is that a legal union between a man and a woman is defined as marriage, but the form of the strict equation chosen for this statement implies that it is the only possible form of marriage, while the other forms are not admissible.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The evaluation of the argument from a bumper sticker specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Though the statement of the bumper sticker coincides with the definition of marriage under the Defense of Marriage Act, its implied arguments concerning the inadmissibility of other forms of unions discriminates feelings of ethnical and sexual minorities. Analyzing this simple statement, it can be lo gically assumed that the marriage between the representatives of the same sex and marriage between more than two partners is regarded as impossible. However, taking into account the fact that same sex marriage has already been legalized in five states, it can be noted that this argument can even not comply with the current legislation, depending upon the peculiar location. In other words, the contextual environment should be taken into consideration for evaluating at least the legal basis for making such an assertion in a specific community. The implied meaning of the term marriage should be taken into consideration for understanding this message in its full context. Thus, along with the definition of marriage as a legal contract, another meaning of this concept as perceived by the modern community is a social union. Then, treating the left side of the equation, namely the word marriage in its second meaning of a social union, the use of the legal restrictions for the construction o f the argument would be inappropriate. In that regard, not only a same sex marriage but even a union of more than two partners justified either with religious or personal views appears as possible. However, taking into account the strict equation as the chosen form for expressing the argument, the simple mathematical rules can be considered for evaluating the implied arguments. Thus, according to the rules of equation, the summation of other components can give the same value. It is possible to hypothesize that this bumper sticker shown only one of the possible forms of marriage. However, then exhibiting the sticker to the wide audience as a form of expressing the views of the driver would be senseless. Thus, it can be stated that regardless of the original mathematical form of expressing the argument, the mathematical rules are inappropriate for evaluating all the implied meanings of the argument under consideration because some of them are created by the situational context and th e driver’s intentions.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The role of the driver and his/her intentionality as the ethos component of the argument should be taken into account for estimating the statement. It is obvious that the argument reflects the driver’s personal views. However, the bumper sticker as the form of sharing one’s views can be regarded as the mode of self-expression. Exhibiting this sticker to the wide audience, the driver intends to affect the feelings of the surrounding and even expects certain reactions from them. Taking into account the driver’s motives in expressing the concern, it can be stated that the chosen form of expression reduces the persuasiveness of the implied arguments. Analyzing the variety of possible implied arguments and interpretations of the message written on a bumper sticker, it can be stated that the situational context, the background information and the ethos element deserve special consideration for interrogating the argument under consideration. This essay on The evaluation of the argument from a bumper sticker was written and submitted by user Jason Day to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How Infromation Technology Addmision Essay Sample Can Help You Learn Faster

How Infromation Technology Addmision Essay Sample Can Help You Learn FasterAs more people are getting access to information on the Internet, many are coming to find information technology such as online lectures, lesson plans, online journals, and a variety of other resources to help them learn faster. A quick glance at the Internet will show that there are many sites that cater to just about any type of education or learning situation.Today, many people like the idea of learning at their own pace through the use of an instructor or classroom rather than by sitting in the library or at their local library or bookstore. There are many reasons why information technology is so popular today.Many people are interested in taking online college classes, so there are many schools offering classes online. However, for some reason, the entire cost of the online classes has led to quite a bit of controversy. The increase in tuition costs has prompted many schools to reduce or even eliminate on line classes.Online educational resources are gaining popularity today because the entire world is now using the Internet as a way to learn. Because of this, it is almost impossible to determine where an education will take place without actually looking at the Internet.It is easy to see why many school districts will offer resources, instruction, and resource material directly on the Internet. Many individuals find it difficult to keep track of time while learning and will need to have all of the necessary materials, help, and information available to them at their fingertips. Often, the best option for time-sensitive learners is to use an interactive website as their way to keep abreast of school news, courses, and other educational matters.The Internet is also creating an avenue for independent authors to create online journals. The simple idea is to offer readers the ability to read the essays or journal pages for free, but offer it as an inexpensive way to find out what people think about the topic.The Internet is becoming a key tool for personal development, education, and leisure. If you are thinking about giving your business to online authors, you will be happy to know that most are very effective.

Pigs - The Domestication History of Sus Scrofa

Pigs - The Domestication History of Sus Scrofa The domestication history of pigs (Sus scrofa) is a bit of an archaeological puzzle, in part because of the nature of the wild boar that our modern pigs are descended from. Many species of wild hog exist in the world today, such as the warthog (Phacochoreus africanus), the pygmy hog (Porcula salvania), and the pig-deer (Babyrousa babyrussa); but of all the suid forms, only Sus scrofa (wild boar) has been domesticated. That process took place independently about 9,000-10,000 years ago in two locations: eastern Anatolia and central China. After that initial domestication, pigs accompanied early farmers as they spread out of Anatolia to Europe, and out of central China to the hinterlands. All of the modern swine breeds today - there are hundreds of breeds around the globe - are considered forms of Sus scrofa domestica, and there is evidence that the genetic diversity is decreasing as cross-breeding of commercial lines threatens indigenous breeds. Some countries have recognized the issue and are beginning to support the continued maintenance of the non-commercial breeds as a genetic resource for the future. Distinguishing Domestic and Wild Pigs It must be said that it is not easy to distinguish between wild and domestic animals in the archaeological record. Since the early 20th century, researchers have segregated pigs based on the size of their tusks (lower third molar): wild boars typically have broader and longer tusks than domestic pigs. Overall body size (in particular, measures of knucklebones [astralagi], front leg bones [humeri] and shoulder bones [scapulae]) has been commonly used to differentiate between domestic and wild pigs since the mid-twentieth century. But wild boar body size alters with climate: hotter, drier climates mean smaller pigs, not necessarily less wild ones. And there are notable variations in body size and tusk size, among both wild and domestic pig populations even today. Other methods used by researchers to identify domesticated pigs include population demography  - the theory is that pigs kept in captivity would have been slaughtered at younger ages as a management strategy, and that can be reflected in the ages of the pigs in an archaeological assemblage. The study of Linear Enamel Hypoplasia (LEH) measures the growth rings in tooth enamel: domestic animals are more likely to experience stress episodes in diet and those stresses are reflected in those growth rings. Stable isotope analysis and tooth wear can also give clues to the diet of a particular set of animals because domestic animals are more likely to have had grain in their diets. The most conclusive evidence is genetic data, which can give indications of ancient lineages. See Rowley-Conwy and colleagues (2012) for a detailed description of the benefits and pitfalls of each of these methods. In the end, all a researcher can do is look at all of these available characteristics and make her best judgment. Independent Domestication Events Despite the difficulties, most scholars are agreed that there were two separate domestication events from geographically separated versions of the wild boar (Sus scrofa). Evidence for both locations suggest that the process began with local hunter-gatherers hunting wild boars, then over a period of time began managing them, and then purposefully or unconsciously keeping those animals with smaller brains and bodies and sweeter dispositions. In southwest Asia, pigs were part of a suite of plants and animals that were developed in the upper reaches of the Euphrates river about 10,000 years ago. The earliest domestic pigs in Anatolia are found in the same sites as domestic cattle, in what is today southwestern Turkey, about 7500 calendar years BC (cal BC), during the late Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period. Sus Scrofa in China In China, the earliest domesticated pigs date to 6600 cal BC, at the Neolithic Jiahu  site. Jiahu is in east-central China between the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers; domestic pigs were found associated with the Cishan/Peiligang culture (6600-6200 cal BC): in Jiahus earlier layers, only wild boars are in evidence. Beginning with the first domestication, pigs became the main domestic animal in China. Pig sacrifice and pig-human interments are in evidence by the mid-6th millennium BC. The modern Mandarin character for home or family consists of a pig in a house; the earliest representation of this character was found inscribed on a bronze pot dated to the Shang period (1600-1100 BC). Pig domestication in China was a steady progress of animal refinement lasting a period of some 5,000 years. The earliest domesticated pigs were primarily herded and fed millet and protein; by the Han dynasty, most pigs were raised in small pens by households and fed millet and household scraps. Genetic studies of Chinese pigs suggest an interruption of this long progress occurred during the Longshan period (3000-1900 BC) when pig burials and sacrifices ceased, and previously more or less uniform pig herds became infused with small, idiosyncratic (wild) pigs. Cucchi and colleagues (2016) suggest this may have been the result of a social-political change during the Longshan, although they recommended additional studies. The early enclosures used by Chinese farmers made the process of pig domestication much faster in China compared to the process used on western Asian pigs, which were allowed to roam freely in European forests up through the late Middle Ages. Pigs Into Europe Beginning about 7,000 years ago, central Asian people moved into Europe, bringing their suite of domestic animals and plants with them, following at least two main paths. The people who brought the animals and plants into Europe are known collectively as the Linearbandkeramik (or LBK) culture. For decades, scholars researched and debated whether Mesolithic hunters in Europe had developed domestic pigs prior to the LBK migration. Today, scholars mostly agree that European pig domestication was a mixed and complex process, with Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and LBK farmers interacting at different levels. Soon after the arrival of LBK pigs in Europe, they interbred with the local wild boar. This process, known as retrogression (meaning successful interbreeding of domesticated and wild animals), produced the European domestic pig, which then spread out from Europe, and, in many places replaced the domesticated Near Eastern swine. Sources Arbuckle BS. 2013. The late adoption of cattle and pig husbandry in Neolithic Central Turkey. Journal of Archaeological Science 40(4):1805-1815.Cucchi T, Hulme-Beaman A, Yuan J, and Dobney K. 2011. Early Neolithic pig domestication at Jiahu, Henan Province, China: clues from molar shape analyses using geometric morphometric approaches. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(1):11-22.Cucchi T, Dai L, Balasse M, Zhao C, Gao J, Hu Y, Yuan J, and Vigne J-D. 2016. Social complexification and pig (Sus scrofa) Husbandry in ancient China: A combined geometric morphometric andiIsotopic approach. PLOS ONE 11(7):e0158523.Evin A, Cucchi T, Cardini A, Strand Vidarsdottir U, Larson G, and Dobney K. 2013. The long and winding road: identifying pig domestication through molar size and shape. Journal of Archaeological Science 40(1):735-743.Groenen MAM. 2016. A decade of pig genome sequencing: a window on pig domestication and evolution. Genetics Selection Evolution 48(1):1-9.Krause-Kyora B, Makarewicz C, Evin A, Girdland Flink L, Dobney K, Larson G, Hartz S, Schreiber S, Von Carnap-Bornheim C, Von Wurmb-Schwark N et al. 2013. Use of domestic pigs by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in northwestern Europe. Nature Communications 4(2348). Larson G, Liu R, Zhao X, Yuan J, Fuller D, Barton L, Dobney K, Fan Q, Gu Z, Liu X-H et al. 2010. Patterns of East Asian pig domestication, migration, and turnover revealed by modern and ancient DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(17):7686-7691.Lega C, Raia P, Rook L, and Fulgione D. 2016. Size matters: A comparative analysis of pig domestication. The Holocene 26(2):327-332.Rowley-Conwy P, Albarella U, and Dobney K. 2012. Distinguishing Wild Boar from Domestic Pigs in Prehistory: A Review of Approaches and Recent Results. Journal of World Prehistory 25:1-44.Wang H, Martin L, Hu S, and Wang W. 2012. Pig domestication and husbandry practices in the middle Neolithic of the Wei River Valley, northwest China: evidence from linear enamel hypoplasia. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(12):3662-3670.Zhang J, Jiao T, and Zhao S. 2016. Genetic diversity in the mitochondrial DNA D-loop region of global swine (Sus scrofa) populations. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Co mmunications 473(4):814-820.

Harvestmen, Otherwise Known as Daddy-Long-Legs

Harvestmen, Otherwise Known as Daddy-Long-Legs Harvestmen (Opiliones) are a group of arachnids known for their long, delicate legs and their oval body. The group includes more than 6,300 species. Harvestmen are also referred to as daddy-long-legs, but this term is ambiguous because it is also used to refer to several other groups of arthropods that are not closely related to harvestmen, including cellar spiders (Pholcidae) and adult crane flies (Tipulidae). The Life of a Harvestmen Although harvestmen resemble spiders in many respects, harvestmen and spiders differ from each other in a number of significant ways. Instead of having two easily visible body sections as spiders do, harvestman have a fused body that looks more like a single oval structure than two separate segments. Additionally, harvestmen lack silk glands (they cannot create webs), fangs, and venom; all characteristics of spiders. The feeding structure of harvestmen also differs from other arachnids. Harvestmen can eat food in chunks and take it into their mouth (other arachnids must regurgitate digestive juices and dissolve their prey before consuming the resulting liquified food). Most harvestmen are nocturnal species, although several species are active during the day. Their coloration is subdued, most are brown, grey or black in color and blend well with their surroundings. Species active during the day are sometimes more brightly colored, with patterns of yellow, red, and black. Many harvestmen species are known to gather in groups of many dozen individuals. Although scientists are not yet sure why harvestmen gather in this way, there are several possible explanations. They may gather to seek shelter together, in a kind of group huddle. This can help control temperature and humidity and provide them a more stable place to rest. Another explanation is that when present in a large group, the harvestmen secrete defensive chemicals that provide the entire group with protection (if alone, the individual secretions of the harvestmen may not provide as much defense). Finally, when disturbed, the mass of harvestmen bob and move in a way that might be intimidating or confusing to predators. When threatened by predators, harvestmen play dead. If pursued, harvestmen will detach their legs to escape. The detached legs continue to move after they have been separated from the body of the harvestman and serve to distract predators. This twitching is due to the fact that pacemakers are located at the end of the first long segment of their legs. The pacemaker sends a pulse of signals along the nerves of the leg that causes the muscles to repeatedly expand and contract even after the leg is detached from the harvestmans body. Another defensive adaptation harvestmen have is that they produce an unappealing smell from two pores located near their eyes. Although the substance presents no threat to humans, it is distasteful enough and foul-smelling enough to help deter predators such as birds, small mammals, and other arachnids. Most harvestmen reproduce sexually via direct fertilization, although some species reproduce asexually (via parthenogenesis). Their body size ranges from a few millimeters to a few centimeters in diameter. The legs of most species are several times the length of their body, although some species have shorter legs. Harvestmen have a global range and are found on every continent except Antarctica. Harvestmen inhabit a variety of terrestrial habitats including forests, grasslands, mountains, wetlands, and caves, as well as human habitats. Most species of harvestmen are omnivorous or scavengers. They feed on insects, fungi, plants, and dead organisms. Species that hunt do so using an ambush behavior to startle their prey before capturing it. Harvestmen are capable of chewing their food. Classification Harvestmen are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Invertebrates Arthropods Arachnids Harvestmen

Assignment (fleet replacement) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

(fleet replacement) - Assignment Example try of the values and corresponding correct calculations, the template will automatically analyze and calculate the net present values of each fleet as well as the cost per available seat mile (CASM) of each fleet. From the analysis, it is clear that the purchase price of MD-80 is estimated at $4,000,000 while its sales price after 16 years is estimated to be $100,000. This is different from the purchase price of A-320 which is estimated to be $60,000,000 while its sales price after 16 years is $25,000,000. Alone, from these figures, it can be seen that MD-80 is cheaper than A-320. The discount factors for both fleets is assumed to remain equal at 20% per annum. This is one of the major assumptions taken into consideration while carrying out the analysis. The other assumption will be that the two fleets will be purchasing fuel at the same prices yearly, this is important to enable us compare their cost of fuel usage. Since economic factors must also apply, it is assumed that the fuel costs per gallon will also be increasing each year due to factors such as inflation. This is the reason why the forecasted fuel amounts are increasing per gallon every year. As it will be difficult to estimate mai ntenance costs per year, it is also assumed in the analysis that it will remain constant every year from the first year in each case. The total annual operating costs per fleet is expected to increase every year since the fuel costs are also increasing per year. From a general criterion, it is expected that the aircraft with the lowest net present CASM should be the most efficient in using its finances. This will imply that, from the analysis, the aircraft that will be of best financial choice must be one with the lowest net present CASM. As can be seen evidently from the analysis on the Excel template, MD-80 has a net present value of $56,752,036 while A-320 has $113,457,899. Looking at the Net Present CASM, MD-80 has 0.03116 while A-320 has 0.04471. From these results, it

Yield Curve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Yield Curve - Essay Example If we compare the price movement of the stock with that of the S&P 500, NASDAQ and Dow Jones Industrial Average, we see a positive correlation between the stock price and the three indices. The stock prices have moved with the market in the past one year. But on the other hand, the stock price movements have been less vigorous than the three indices, which mean that the stock is not as volatile as the market. In absolute terms the sales and profitability of the firm has increased in the past 3 years. The sales have grown at a rate of 2.15% in the past three years. The profitability of the firm has grown at a rate of 10.67% in the past three years. The profit margin has also seen an increase in the past three years. It was 3.31% in 2009, 3.52% in 2010 and 3.89% in 2011. The trailing profit margin is also following this trend with a margin of 3.87% for the quarter ending July 31, 2011. According to upgrades and downgrades history, the stock was downgraded on February 10, 2011 to neutra l from buy. But analysts after that have estimated a mean price target of $60.10, which is approximately $7 above the current price. Analysts’ estimates show that the sales will show a growth at the end of this year and the next one. The analysts also expect that the EPS will also show a growth. The analysts have estimated the Wal-Mart will grow at 10.41% per annum over the next five years and the industry will grow at 14.82% per annum. The analysts recommend buying to holding on to the stock with a mean recommendation of 2.2. Part 2 Complete the following table:   Business Date Chosen Five Years Ago 30/08/2006 1-month Nominal T-bill Rate on that Date 5.16   3-month Nominal T-bill Rate on that Date 5.05 6-month Nominal T-bill Rate on that Date 5.14 1-year Nominal T-bill Rate on that Date 5.06 5-year Nominal T-bill Rate on that Date 4.72 10-year Nominal T-bond Rate on that Date 4.76 20-year Nominal T-bond Rate on that Date 4.98 30-year Nominal T-bond Rate on that Date 4.91 1. The yield curve is almost inverted on this date. This is because the trend that can be inferred from the graph is that the long-term debt instruments have a lower yield than the short-term instruments. Inverted yield curves have been an accurate forecasting tool for recessions. This type of a yield curve shows that the future interest rates will be lower because of which there is an increase in the demand for long-term bonds. And as a result the yields fall for the long-term bonds. 2. 10- Year Bond Purchased for $1000 5 Years Ago   Original Value $1000   Coupon Rate 4.79 Current 5-Year Yield to Maturity 0.98 Number of Semi-Annual Periods 10 Current 5-Year Yield to Maturity/2 0.49 Current Value $1,185.47 Gain or Loss on the Bond over the 5 years $185.47 20- Year Bond Purchased for $1000 5 Years Ago   Original Value $1000   Coupon Rate   5.00 Current 15-Year Yield to Maturity (est.) 2.70 Number of Semi-Annual Periods 30 Current 15-Year Yield to Maturity (est.)/2 1.35 Cur rent Value $1,282.14 Gain or Loss on the Bond over the 5 years $282.14 The gain for the 20 year bond is greater than the gain on the 10 year bond. It is because the value of the 20 year bond is higher than the 10 year bond. Both the bonds will be sold at a premium because the coupon rate is higher than the YTM for both bonds. The only difference is that the 20 year bond has a longer time to maturity because of which its value is higher. -----------------------------------Please Leave a Positive Feedback------------------------------------- Works Cited Brigham, E. F., & Ehrhardt, M. C. (2005). Financial Management: Theory and Practice. USA: South-Western Cengage

Euthanasia Essay - The Immorality of Physician Assisted Suicide

Euthanasia: the intentional killing by act or omission of a dependent human being for his or her alleged benefit, a highly controversial subject.   Assisted suicide: Someone provides an individual with the information, guidance, and means to take his or her own life. When a doctor helps another person to kill themselves it is called "physician assisted suicide" (Euthanasia.com 1).   This widely debated topic of assisted suicide is immoral and unethical in today's standards.   Most people who commit suicide or wish to commit suicide are mentally ill and make impaired judgments.   Many of those who wish to commit suicide are really just reaching out for help, and disorders such as depression, which lead to attempted suicide, are treatable (Pretzer 1).   For those people suffering with chronic pain from, there have been many advances in pain control and management.   Today in the United States, Physician Assisted Suicide or PAS is illegal in all states except for Oregon.   If PAS were to be legalized in the rest of the country, it would cause major problems.   In the one state that Physician Assisted Suicide is legal there have been major problems and any unhappy people.   Mentally ill patients have been stereotyped as crazy people who have to be locked away so they don't hurt themselves or anyone else.   This is a reality only for a very small portion of mentally handicapped persons.   The majority of the mentally ill are fully capable of living on their own and making just decisions.   They are not a danger to anyone except themselves.   These people are classified as clinically depressed and have a chemical imbalance in their brains that impairs their perspective about their lives.   People suffering from depression are the ones who g... ...d on the alternatives to assisted suicide.   Works Cited Anderson, Kerby. Euthanasia in Oregon. Probe Ministries. 13 Nov. 2001 http://www.probe.org/docs/c-euthan.html>. Cannon, John. Another Look at Euthanasia. Independent Press Association. 13 Nov. 2001 http://www.anotherperspective.org/advoc158.html Euthanasia.com. Euthanasia Definitions. 13 Nov. 2001 http://www.euthanasia.com/definitions.html Langley, Tamora. Physician Assisted Suicide. Voluntary Euthanasia Society. 15 Nov. 2001 http://www.ves.org.uk/Deb_PhyAssSu.html O'Bannon, Randall K., and Burke, J. Balch. Why We Shouldn't Legalize Assisted Suicide. National Right to Life. 13 Nov. 2001 http://nrlc.org/euthanasia/asisuid1.html Pretzer, Michael. Assisted Suicide: Should it be Legal? CNN.com. 15 Nov. 2001 http://www.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/01/25/assisted.suicide.wmd/.

Annihilation of Caste

THE ANNIHILATION OF CASTE Prologue [How this speech came to be composed—and not delivered] [1:] On December 12, 1935, I received the following letter from Mr. Sant Ram, the Secretary of the Jat – Pat – Todak Mandal: My dear Doctor Saheb, Many thanks for your kind letter of the 5th December. I have released it for press without your permission for which I beg your pardon, as I saw no harm in giving it publicity. You are a great thinker, and it is my well-considered opinion that none else has studied the problem of Caste so deeply as you have. I have always benefited myself and our Mandal from your ideas.I have explained and preached it in the Kranti many times and I have even lectured on it in many Conferences. I am now very anxious to read the exposition of your new formula—†It is not possible to break Caste without annihilating the religious notions on which it, the Caste system, is founded. † Please do explain it at length at your earliest co nvenience, so that we may take up the idea and emphasise it from press and platform. At present, it is not fully clear to me. ***** Our Executive Committee persists in having you as our President for our Annual Conference.We can change our dates to accommodate your convenience. Independent Harijans of Punjab are very much desirous to meet you and discuss with you their plans. So if you kindly accept our request and come to Lahore to preside over the Conference it will serve double purpose. We will invite Harijan leaders of all shades of opinion and you will get an opportunity of giving your ideas to them. The Mandal has deputed our Assistant Secretary, Mr. Indra Singh, to meet you at Bombay in Xmas and discuss with you the whole situation with a view to persuade you to please accept our request. ***** 2:] The Jat – Pat – Todak Mandal I was given to understand to be an organization of Caste Hindu Social Reformers, with the one and only aim, namely, to eradicate the Cast e System from amongst the Hindus. As a rule, I do not like to take any part in a movement which is carried on by the Caste Hindus. Their attitude towards social reform is so different from mine that I have found it difficult to pull on with them. Indeed, I find their company quite uncongenial to me on account of our differences of opinion. Therefore when the Mandal first approached me, I declined their invitation to preside.The Mandal, however, would not take a refusal from me, and sent down one of its members to Bombay to press me to accept the invitation. In the end I agreed to preside. The Annual Conference was to be held at Lahore, the headquarters of the Mandal. The Conference was to meet at Easter, but was subsequently postponed to the middle of May 1936. [3:] The Reception Committee of the Mandal has now cancelled the Conference. The notice of cancellation came long after my Presidential address had been printed. The copies of this address are now lying with me.As I did not g et an opportunity to deliver the address from the presidential chair, the public has not had an opportunity to know my views on the problems created by the Caste System. To let the public know them, and also to dispose of the printed copies which are lying on my hand, I have decided to put the printed copies of the address in the market. The accompanying pages contain the text of that address. [4:] The public will be curious to know what led to the cancellation of my appointment as the President of the Conference. At the start, a dispute arose over the printing of the address.I desired that the address should be printed in Bombay. The Mandal wished that it should be printed in Lahore, on the grounds of economy. I did not agree, and insisted upon having it printed in Bombay. Instead of their agreeing to my proposition, I received a letter signed by several members of the Mandal, from which I give the following extract: 27-3-36 Revered Dr. Ji, Your letter of the 24th instant addressed to Sjt. Sant Ram has been shown to us. We were a little disappointed to read it. Perhaps you are not fully aware of the situation that has arisen here. Almost all the Hindus in thePunjab are against your being invited to this province. The Jat-Pat-Todak Mandal has been subjected to the bitterest criticism and has received censorious rebuke from all quarters. All the Hindu leaders among whom being Bhai Parmanand, M. L. A. (Ex-President, Hindu Maha Sabha), Mahatma Hans Raj, Dr. Gokal Chand Narang, Minister for Local Self-Government, Raja Narendra Nath, M. L. C. etc. , have dissociated themselves from this step of the Mandal. Despite all this the runners of the Jat-Pat-Todak Mandal (the leading figure being Sjt. Sant Ram) are determined to wade through thick and thin but would not give up the idea of your presidentship.The Mandal has earned a bad name. ***** Under the circumstances it becomes your duty to co-operate with the Mandal. On the one hand, they are being put to so much troub le and hardship by the Hindus and if on the other hand you too augment their difficulties it will be a most sad coincidence of bad luck for them. We hope you will think over the matter and do what is good for us all. ***** [5:] This letter puzzled me greatly. I could not understand why the Mandal should displease me, for the sake of a few rupees, in the matter of printing the address.Secondly, I could not believe that men like Sir Gokal Chand Narang had really resigned as a protest against my selection as President, because I had received the following letter from Sir Gokal Chand himself: 5 Montgomery Road Lahore, 7-2-36 Dear Doctor Ambedkar, I am glad to learn from the workers of the Jat-Pat-Todak Mandal that you have agreed to preside at their next anniversary to be held at Lahore during the Easter holidays, it will give me much pleasure if you stay with me while you are at Lahore. More when we meet. Yours sincerely, G. C. Narang [6:] Whatever be the truth, I did not yield to this pressure.But even when the Mandal found that I was insisting upon having my address printed in Bombay, instead of agreeing to my proposal the Mandal sent me a wire that they were sending Mr. Har Bhagwan to Bombay to â€Å"talk over matters personally. † Mr. Har Bhagwan came to Bombay on the 9th of April. When I met Mr. Har Bhagwan, I found that he had nothing to say regarding the issue. Indeed he was so unconcerned regarding the printing of the address—whether it should be printed in Bombay or in Lahore—that he did not even mention it in the course of our conversation. [7:] All that he was anxious for was to know the contents of the address.I was then convinced that in getting the address printed in Lahore, the main object of the Mandal was not to save money but to get at the contents of the address. I gave him a copy. He did not feel very happy with some parts of it. He returned to Lahore. From Lahore, he wrote to me the following letter: Lahore April 14, 1936 My dear Doctor Sahib, Since my arrival from Bombay, on the 12th, I have been indisposed owing to my having not slept continuously for 5 or 6 nights, which were spent in the train. Reaching here I came to know that you had come to Amritsar. I would have seen you there if I were well enough to go about.I have made over your address to Mr. Sant Ram for translation and he has liked it very much, but he is not sure whether it could be translated by him for printing before the 25th. In any case, it woud have a wide publicity and we are sure it would wake the Hindus up from their slumber. The passage I pointed out to you at Bombay has been read by some of our friends with a little misgiving, and those of us who would like to see the Conference terminate without any untoward incident would prefer that at least the word â€Å"Veda† be left out for the time being. I leave this to your good sense.I hope, however, in your concluding paragraphs you will make it clear that the views expre ssed in the address are your own and that the responsibility does not lie on the Mandal. I hope you will not mind this statement of mine and would let us have 1,000 copies of the address, for which we shall, of course, pay. To this effect I have sent you a telegram today. A cheque of Rs. 100 is enclosed herewith which kindly acknowledge, and send us your bills in due time. I have called a meeting of the Reception Committee and shall communicate their decision to you immediately.In the meantime kindly accept my heartfelt thanks for the kindness shown to me and the great pains taken heartfelt thanks for the kindness shown to me and the great pains taken by you in the preparation of your address. You have really put us under a heavy debt of gratitude. Yours sincerely, Har Bhagwan P. S. — Kindly send the copies of the address by passenger train as soon as it is printed, so that copies may be sent to the Press for publication. [8:] Accordingly I handed over my manuscript to the pr inter with an order to print 1,000 copies.Eight days later, I received another letter from Mr. Har Bhagwan which I reproduce below: Lahore, 22-4-36 Dear Dr. Ambedkar, We are in receipt of your telegram and letter, for which kindly accept our thanks. In accordance with your desire, we have again postponed our Conference, but feel that it would have been much better to have it on the 25th and 26th, as the weather is growing warmer and warmer every day in the Punjab. In the middle of May it would be fairly hot, and the sittings in the day time would not be very pleasant and comfortable.However, we shall try our best to do all we can to make things as comfortable as possible, if it is held in the middle of May. There is, however, one thing that we have been compelled to bring to your kind attention. You will remember that when I pointed out to you the misgivings entertained by some of our people regarding your declaration on the subject of change of religion, you told me that it was und oubtedly outside the scope of the Mandal and that you had no intention to say anything from our platform in that connection. At the same ime when the manuscript of your address was handed to me you assured me that that was the main portion of your address and that there were only two or three concluding paragraphs that you wanted to add. On receipt of the second instalment of your address we have been taken by surprise, as that would make it so lengthy, that we are afraid, very few people would read the whole of it. Besides that you have more than once stated in your address that you had decided to walk out of the fold of the Hindus and that that was your last address as a Hindu.You have also unnecessarily attacked the morality and reasonableness of the Vedas and other religious books of the Hindus, and have at length dwelt upon the technical side of Hindu religion, which has absolutely no connection with the problem at issue, so much so that some of the passages have become irrelev ant and off the point. We would have been very pleased if you had confined your address to that portion given to me, or if an addition was necessary, it would have been limited to what you had written on Brahminism etc.The last portion which deals with the complete annihilation of Hindu religion and doubts the morality of the sacred books of the Hindus as well as a hint about your intention to leave the Hindu fold does not seem to me to be relevant. I would therefore most humbly request you on behalf of the people responsible for the Conference to leave out the passages referred to above, and close the address with what was given to me or add a few paragraphs on Brahminism.We doubt the wisdom of making the address unnecessarily provocative and pinching. There are several of us who subscribe to your feelings and would very much want to be under your banner for remodelling of the Hindu religion. If you had decided to get together persons of your cult I can assure you a large number wo uld have joined your army of reformers from the Punjab.In fact, we thought you would give us a lead in the destruction of the evil of caste system, especially when you have studied the subject so thoroughly, and strengthen our hands by bringing about a revolution and making yourself as a nucleus in the gigantic effort, but declaration of the nature made by you when repeated loses its power, and becomes a hackneyed term. Under the circumstances, I would request you to consider the whole matter and make our address more effective by saying that you would be glad to take a leading part in the destruction of the caste system if the Hindus are willing to work in right earnest toward that end, even if they had to forsake their kith and kin and the religious notions. In case you do so, I am sanguine that you would find a ready response from the Punjab in such an endeavour. I shall be grateful if you will help us at this juncture as we have already undergone much expenditure and have been p ut to suspense, and let us know by the return of post that you have condescended to limit your address as above.In case, you still insist upon the printing of the address in toto, we very much regret it would not be possible—rather advisable for us to hold the Conference, and would prefer to postpone it sine die , a l t h o u g h b y d o i n g s o w e s h a l l b e l o s i n g t h e g o o d w i l l o f t h e people because of the repeated postponements. We should, however, like to point out that you have carved a niche in our hearts by writing such a wonderful treatise on the caste system, which excels all other treatises so far written and will prove to be a valuable heritage, so to say.We shall be ever indebted to you for the pains taken by you in its preparation. Thanking you very much for your kindness and with best wishes. I am, yours sincerely, Har Bhagwan [9:] To this letter I sent the following reply : 27th April 1936 Dear Mr. Har Bhagwan, I am in receipt of your lett er of the 22nd April. I note with regret that the Reception Commitiee of the Jat-Pat-Todak Mandal â€Å"would prefer t o p o s t p o n e t h e C o n f e r e n c e sine die † i f I i n s i s t e d u p o n p r i n t i n g t h e a d d r e s s in toto.I n r e p l y I h a v e t o i n f o r m y o u t h a t I a l s o w o u l d p r e f e r a d d r e s s in toto. I n r e p l y I h a v e t o i n f o r m y o u t h a t I a l s o w o u l d p r e f e r to have the Conference cancelled—I do not like to use vague terms—if the Mandal insisted upon having my address pruned to suit its circumstances. You may not like my decision. But I cannot give up, for the sake of the honour of presiding over the Conference, the liberty which every President must have in the preparation of the address.I cannot give up, for the sake of pleasing the Mandal, the duty which every President owes to the Conference over which he presides, to give it a lead which he thinks right and proper. The issue i s one of principle, and I feel I must do nothing to compromise it in any way. I would not have entered into any controversy as regards the propriety of the decision taken by the Reception Committee. But as you have given certain reasons which appear to throw the blame on me, I am bound to answer them.In the first place, I must dispel the notion that the views contained in that part of the address to which objection has been taken by the Committee have come to the Mandal as a surprise. Mr. Sant Ram, I am sure, will bear me out when I say that in reply to one of his letters I had said that the real method of breaking up the Caste System was not to bring about inter-caste dinners and inter-caste marriages but to destroy the religious notions on which Caste was founded, and that Mr. Sant Ram in return asked me to explain what he said was a novel point of view.It was in response to this invitation from Mr. Sant Ram that I thought I ought to elaborate in my address what I had stated in a sentence in my letter to him. You cannot, therefore, say that the views expressed are new. At any rate, they are not new to Mr. Sant Ram, who is the moving spirit and the leading light of your Mandal. But I go further and say that I wrote this part of my address not merely because I felt it desirable to do so. I wrote it because I thought that it was absolutely necessary to complete the argument.I am amazed to read that you characterize the portion of the speech to which your Committee objects as â€Å"irrelevant and off the point. † You will allow me to say that I am a lawyer and I know the rules of relevancy as well as any member of your Committee. I most emphatically maintain that the portion objected to is not only most relevant but is also important. It is in that part of the address that I have discussed the ways and means of breaking up the Caste System. It may be that the conclusion I have arrived at as to the best method of destroying Caste is startling and painful.Y ou are entitled to say that my analysis is wrong. But you cannot say that in an address which deals with the problem of Caste it is not o pen to me to discuss how Caste can be destroyed. Your other complaint relates to the length of the address. I have pleaded guilty to the charge in the address itself. But who is really responsible for this? I fear you have come rather late on the scene. Otherwise you would have known that originally I had planned to write a short address, for my own convenience, as I had neither the time nor the energy to engage myself in the preparation of an elaborate thesis.It was the Mandal which asked me to deal with the subject exhaustively, and it was the Mandal which sent down to me a list of questions relating to the Caste System and asked me to answer them in the body of my address, as they were questions which were often raised in the controversy as they were questions which were often raised in the controversy between the Mandal and its opponents, and which the Mandal found difficult to answer satisfactorily. It was in trying to meet the wishes of the Mandal in this respect that the address has grown to the length to which it has.In view of what I have said, I am sure you will agree that the fault respecting the length of the address is not mine. I did not expect that your Mandal would be so upset because I have spoken of the destruction of Hindu Religion. I thought it was only fools who were afraid of words. But lest there should be any misapprehension in the minds of the people, I have taken great pains to explain what I mean by religion and destruction of religion. I am sure that nobody, on reading my address, could possibly misunderstand me. That your Mandal should have taken a fright at mere words as â€Å"destruction of religion etc. † notwithstanding the explanation that accompanies . them, does not raise the Mandal in my estimation. One cannot have any respect or regard for men who take the position of the Reformer and then refuse even to see the logical consequences of that position, let alone following them out in action. You will agree that I have never accepted to be limited in any way in the preparation of my address, and the question as to what the address should or should not contain was never even discussed between myself and the Mandal. I had always taken for granted that I was free to express in the address such views as I held on the subject.Indeed, until you came to Bombay on the 9th April, the Mandal did not know what sort of an address I was preparing. It was when you came to Bombay that I voluntarily told you that I had no desire to use your platform from which to advocate my views regarding change of religion by the Depressed Classes. I think I have scrupulously kept that promise in the preparation of the address. Beyond a passing reference of an indirect character where I say that â€Å"I am sorry I will not be here. . . etc. † I have said nothing about the subject in my address.When I see you object even to such a passing and so indirect a reference, I feel bound to ask, did you think that in agreeing to preside over your Conference I would be agreeing to suspend or to give up my views regarding change of faith by the Depressed Classes? If you did think so, I must tell you that I am in no way responsible for such a mistake on your part. If any of you had even hinted to me that in exchange for the honour you were doing me by electing as President, I was to abjure my faith in my programme of conversion, I would have told you in quite plain terms that I cared more for my faith than for any honour from you.After your letter of the 14th, this letter of yours comes as a surprize to me. I am sure that any one who reads them [both] will feel the same. I c a n n o t a c c o u n t f o r t h i s s u d d e n volte face o n t h e p a r t o f t h e R e c e p t i o n Committee. There is no difference in substance between the rough draft which was before the Co mmittee when you wrote your letter of the 14th, and the final draft on which the decision of the Committee communicated to me in your letter under reply was taken.You cannot point out a single new idea in the final draft which is not contained in the earlier draft. The ideas are the same. The only difference is that they have been worked out in greater detail in the final draft. If there was anything to object to in the address, you could have said so on the 14th. But you did not. On the contrary, you asked me to print off 1,000 copies, leaving me the liberty to accept or not the verbal changes which you suggested. Accordingly I got 1,000 copies printed, which are now lying with me. Eight days later ou write to say that you object to the address and that if it is not amended the Conference will be cancelled. You ought to have known that there was no hope of any alteration being made in the address. I told you when you were in Bombay that I would not alter a comma, that I would not a llow any censorship over my address, and that you would have to accept the address as it came from me. I also told you that the responsibility. for the views expressed in the address was entirely mine, and if they were not liked by the Conference I would not mind at all if the Conference passed a resolution condemning them.So anxious was I to relieve your Mandal from having to assume responsibility for my views—and also with the object of not getting myself entangled by too intimate an association with your Conference—I suggested to you that I desired to have my address treated as a sort of an inaugural address and not as a Presidential address, and that the Mandal should find some one else to preside over the Conference and deal with the resolutions. Nobody could have been better placed to take a decision on the 14th than your Committee.The Committee failed to do that, and in the meantime cost of printing has been incurred which, I am sure, with a little more firmness on the part of your Committee, could have been saved. I feel sure that the views expressed in my address have little to do with the decision of your Committee. I have reason to believe that my presence at the Sikh Prachar Conference held at Amritsar has had a good deal to do with the decision of the Committee. Nothing else can satisfactorily explain the sudden volte face shown by the Committee between the 14th and the 22nd April.I must not however prolong this controversy, and must request you to announce immediately that the Session of the Conference which was to meet under my Presidentship is cancelled. All the grace [period] has by now run out, and I shall not consent to preside, even if your Committee agreed to accept my address as it is, in toto. I thank you for your appreciation of the pains I have taken in the preparation of the address. I certainly have profited by the labour, [even] if no one else does. My only regret is that I was put to such hard labour at a time when my health was not equal to the strain it has caused.Yours sincerely, B. R. Ambedkar [10:] This correspondence will disclose the reasons which have led to the cancellation by the Mandal of my appointment as President, and the reader will be in a position to lay the blame where it ought properly to belong. This is I believe the first time when the appointment of a President is cancelled by the Reception Committee because it does not approve of the views of the President. But whether that is so or not, this is certainly the first time in my life to have been invited to preside over a Conference of Caste Hindus.I am sorry that it has ended in a tragedy. But what can anyone expect from a relationship so tragic as the relationship between the reforming sect of Caste Hindus and the self – respecting sect of relationship so tragic as the relationship between the reforming sect of Caste Hindus and the self – respecting sect of Untouchables, where the former have no desire to alie nate their orthodox fellows, and the latter have no alternative but to insist upon reform being carried out ? B. R. AMBEDKAR Rajgriha, Dadar, Bombay 14 5th May 1936 Preface to the Second Edition [1937] [1:] The speech prepared by me for the Jat – Pat – Todak Mandal of Lahore has had an astonishingly warm reception from the Hindu public for whom it was primarily intended. The English edition of one thousand five hundred copies was exhausted within two months of its publication. It is has been translated into Gujarati and Tamil. It is being translated into Marathi, Hindi, Punjabi and Malayalam. The demand for the English text still continues unabated.To satisfy this demand it has become necessary to issue a Second Edition. Considerations of history and effectiveness of appeal have led me to retain the original form of the essay—namely, the speech form—although I was asked to recast it in the form of a direct narrative. [2:] To this edition I have added two appendices. I have collected in Appendix I the two articles written by Mr. Gandhi by way of review of my speech in the Harijan , and his letter to Mr. Sant Ram, a member of the Jat – Pat – Todak Mandal. 3:] In Appendix II, I have printed my views in reply to the articles of Mr. Gandhi collected in Appendix I. Besides Mr. Gandhi, many others have adversely criticised my views as expressed in my speech. But I have felt that in taking notice of such adverse comments, I should limit myself to Mr. Gandhi. This I have done not because what he has said is so weighty as to deserve a reply, but because to many a Hindu he is an oracle, so great that when he opens his lips it is expected that the argument must close and no dog must bark. 4:] But the world owes much to rebels who would dare to argue in the face of the pontiff and insist that he is not infallible. I do not care about the credit which every progressive society must give to its rebels. I shall be satisfied if I make the Hindus realize that they are the sick men of India, and that their sickness is causing danger to the health and happiness of other Indians. B. R. AMBEDKAR Preface to the Third Edition [1944] [1:] The Second Edition of this Essay appeared in 1937, and was exhausted within a very short period. A new edition has been in demand for a long time.It was my intention to recast the essay so as to incorporate into it another essay of mine called â€Å"Castes in India, their Origin and their Mechanism,† which appeared in the issue of the Indian Antiquary Journal for May 1917. But as I could not find time, and as there is very little prospect of my being able to do so, and as the demand for it from the public is very insistent, I am content to let this be a mere reprint of the Second Edition. [2:] I am glad to find that this essay has become so popular, and I hope that it will serve the purpose for which it was intended.B. R. AMBEDKAR B. R. AMBEDKAR 22, Prithwiraj Road New Delhi 1st December 1944 1 [Introduction—why I am an unlikely President for this Conference] [1:] Friends, I am really sorry for the members of the Jat – Pat – Todak Mandal who have so very kindly invited me to preside over this Conference. I am sure they will be asked many questions for having selected me as the President. The Mandal will be asked to explain as to why it has imported a man from Bombay to preside over a function which is held in Lahore .I believe the Mandal could easily have found someone better qualified than myself to preside on the occasion. I have criticised the Hindus. I have questioned the authority of the Mahatma whom they revere. They hate me. To them I am a snake in their garden. The Mandal will no doubt be asked by the politically – minded Hindus to explain why it has called me to fill this place of honour. It is an act of great daring. I shall not be surprized if some political Hindus regard it as an insult. This selection of me certainly cannot please the ordinary religiously – minded Hindus. 2:] The Mandal may be asked to explain why it has disobeyed the Shastric injunction in selecting the President. According to the Shastras , the Brahmin is appointed to be the Guru for the three Varnas , , is a direction of the Shastras. The Mandal therefore knows from whom a Hindu should take his lessons and from whom he should not. The Shastras do not permit a Hindu to accept anyone as his Guru merely because he is well – versed. This is made very clear by Ramdas , a Brahmin saint from Maharashtra , who is alleged to have inspired Shivaji to establish a Hindu Raj.In his Dasbodh, a socio – politico- religious treatise in Marathi verse, Ramdas asks, addressing the Hindus, can we accept an Antyaja to be our Guru because he is a Pandit (i. e. learned) ? He gives an answer in the negative. [3:] What replies to give to these questions is a matter which I must leave to the Mandal. The Mandal knows best the reaso ns which led it to travel to Bombay to select a president, to fix upon a man so repugnant to the Hindus, and to descend so low in the scale as to select an Antyaja —an untouchable — to address an audience of the Savarnas. As for myself, you will allow me to say that I ave accepted the invitation much against my will, and also against the will of many of my fellow untouchables. I know that the Hindus are sick of me. I know that I am not a persona grata [=someone welcome] with them. Knowing all this, I have deliberately kept myself away from them. I have no desire to inflict myself upon them. I have been giving expression to my views from my own platform. This has already caused a great deal of heart- burning and irritation. [4:] I have no desire to ascend the platform of the Hindus, to do within their sight what I have been doing within their hearing.If I am here it is because of your choice and not because of my wish. Yours is a cause of social reform. That cause has a lways made an appeal to me, and it is because of this that I felt I ought not to refuse an opportunity of helping the cause—especially when you think that I can help it. Whether what I am going to say today will help you in any way to solve the problem you are grappling with, is for you to judge. All I hope to do is to place before you my views on the problem. 2 [Why social reform is necessary for political reform] 1:] The path of social reform, like the path to heaven (at any rate, in India), is strewn with many difficulties. Social reform in India has few friends and many critics. The critics fall into two distinct classes. One class consists of political reformers, and the other of the Socialists. [2:] It was at one time recognized that without social efficiency, no permanent progress in the other fields of activity was possible; that owing to mischief wrought by evil customs, Hindu Society was not in a state of efficiency; and that ceaseless efforts must be made to eradic ate these evils.It was due to the recognition of this fact that the birth of the National Congress was accompanied by the foundation of the Social Conference. While the Congress was concerned with defining the weak points in the political organisation of the country, the Social Conference was engaged in removing the weak points in the social organisation of the Hindu Society. For some time the Congress and the Conference worked as two wings of one common activity, and they held their annual sessions in the same pandal . 3:] But soon the two wings developed into two parties, a ‘political reform party' and a ‘social reform party', between whom there raged a fierce controversy. The ‘political reform party' supported the National Congress, and the ‘social reform party' supported the Social Conference. The two bodies thus became two hostile camps. The point at issue was whether social reform should precede political reform. For a decade the forces were evenly bala nced, and the battle was fought without victory to either side. 4:] It was, however, evident that the fortunes of the Social Conference were ebbing fast. The gentlemen who presided over the sessions of the Social Conference lamented that the majority of the educated Hindus were for political advancement and indifferent to social reform; and that while the number of those who attended the Congress was very large, and the number who did not attend but who sympathized with it was even larger, the number of those who attended the Social Conference was very much smaller. 5:] This indifference, this thinning of its ranks, was soon followed by active hostility from the politicians. Under the leadership of the late Mr. Tilak , the courtesy with which the Congress allowed the Social Conference the use of its pandal was withdrawn, and the spirit of enmity went to such a pitch that when the Social Conference desired to erect its own pandal, a threat to burn the pandal was held out by its oppon ents. Thus in the course of time the party in favour of political reform won, and the Social Conference vanished and was forgotten. [6:] The speech delivered by Mr.W. C. Bonnerji in 1892 at Allahabad, as President of the eighth session of the Congress, sounds like a funeral oration on the death of the Social Conference, and is so typical of the Congress attitude that I venture to quote from it the following extract. Mr. Bonnerji said: â€Å"I for one have no patience with those who say we shall not be fit for political reform until we reform our social system. I fail to see any connection between the two. . . Are we not fit (for political reform) because our widows remain unmarried and our girls are given in marriage earlier than in other countries? ecause our wives and daughters do not drive about with us visiting our friends? because we do not send our daughters to Oxford and Cambridge? † (Cheers [from the audience]) [7:] I have stated the case for political reform as put b y Mr. Bonnerji. There were many who were happy that the victory went to the Congress. But those who believe in the importance of social reform may ask, is an argument such as that of Mr. Bonnerji final? Does it prove that the victory went to those who were in the right? Does it prove conclusively that social reform has no bearing on political reform ?It will help us to understand the matter if I state the other side of the case. I will draw upon the treatment of the untouchables for my facts. [8:] Under the rule of the Peshwas in the Maratha country, the untouchable was not allowed to use the public streets if a Hindu was coming along, lest he should pollute the Hindu by his shadow. The untouchable was required to have a black thread either on his wrist or around his neck, as a sign or a mark to prevent the Hindus from getting themselves polluted by his touch by mistake.In Poona, the capital of the Peshwa, the untouchable was required to carry, strung from his waist, a broom to swee p away from behind himself the dust he trod on, lest a Hindu walking on the same dust should be polluted. In Poona , the untouchable was required to carry an earthen pot hung around his neck wherever he went—for holding his spit, lest his spit falling on the earth should pollute a Hindu who might unknowingly happen to tread on it. [9:] Let me take more recent facts. The tyranny practised by the Hindus upon the Balais, an untouchable community in Central India, will serve my purpose.You will find a report of this in the Times of India of 4th January 1928. The correspondent of the Times of India reported that high – caste Hindus—viz. , Kalotas, Rajputs and Brahmins , including the Patels and Patwaris of the villages of Kanaria, Bicholi – Hafsi, Bicholi – Mardana, and about 15 other villages in the Indore district (of the Indore State )—informed the Balais of their respective villages that if they wished to live among them, they must conform to the following rules: 1 . Balais must not wear gold- lace- bordered pugrees . 2.They must not wear dhotis with coloured or fancy borders. 3 . They must convey intimation [=information] of the death of any Hindu to relatives of the deceased—no matter how far away these relatives may be living. 4. 5. 6. 7. In all Hindu marriages, Balais must play music before the processions and during the marriage. Balai women must not wear gold or silver ornaments; they must not wear fancy gowns or jackets. Balai women must attend all cases of confinement [= childbirth] of Hindu women. Balais must render services without demanding remuneration, and must accept whatever a Hindu is pleased to ive. 8 . If the Balais do not agree to abide by these terms, they must clear out of the villages. [10:] The Balais refused to comply; and the Hindu element proceeded against them. Balais were not allowed to get water from the village wells; they were not allowed to let go their cattle to graze. Balais were prohibited from passing through land owned by a Hindu, so that if the field of a Balai was surrounded by fields owned by Hindus, the Balai could have no access to his own field. The Hindus also let their cattle graze down the fields of Balais.The Balais submitted petitions to the Darbar[= Court of Indore] against these persecutions; but as they could get no timely relief, and the oppression continued, hundreds of Balais with their wives and children were obliged to abandon their homes—in which their ancestors had lived for generations—and to migrate to adjoining States: that is, to villages in Dhar , Dewas , Bagli , Bhopal , Gwalior and other States. What happened to them in their new homes may for the present be left out of our consideration. [11:] The incident at Kavitha in Gujarat happened only last year.The Hindus of Kavitha ordered the untouchables not to insist upon sending their children to the common village school maintained by Government. What sufferings the untouchables of Kavitha had to undergo, for daring to exercise a civic right against the wishes of the Hindus, is too well known to need detailed description. Another instance occurred in the village of Zanu, in the Ahmedabad district of Gujarat . In November 1935 some untouchable women of well – to – do families started fetching water in metal pots.The Hindus looked upon the use of metal pots by untouchables as an affront to their dignity, and assaulted the untouchable women for their impudence. [12:] A most recent event is reported from the village of Chakwara in Jaipur State . It seems from the reports that have appeared in the newspapers that an untouchable of Chakwara who had returned from a pilgrimage had arranged to give a dinner to his fellow untouchables of the village, as an act of religious piety. The host desired to treat the guests to a sumptuous meal, and the items served included ghee (butter) also.But while the assembly of untouchables was engaged in p artaking of the food, the Hindus in their hundreds, armed with lathis , rushed to the scene, despoiled the food, and belaboured the untouchables—who left the food they had been served with and ran away for their lives. And why was this murderous assault committed on defenceless untouchables ? The reason given is that the untouchable host was impudent enough to serve ghee, and his untouchable guests were foolish enough to taste it. Ghee is undoubtedly a luxury for the rich.But no one would think that consumption of ghee was a mark of high social status. The Hindus of Chakwara thought otherwise, and in righteous indignation avenged themselves for the wrong done to them by the untouchables, who insulted them by treating ghee as an item of their food—which they ought to have known could not be theirs, consistently with the dignity of the Hindus. This means that an untouchable must not use ghee, even if he can afford to buy it, since it is an act of arrogance towards the Hi ndus. This happened on or about the 1st of April 1936! 13:] Having stated the facts, let me now state the case for social reform. In doing this, I will follow Mr. Bonnerji as nearly as I can, and ask the political- minded Hindus, â€Å"Are you fit for political power even though you do not allow a large class of your own countrymen like the untouchables to use public schools ? Are you fit for political power even though class of your own countrymen like the untouchables to use public schools ? Are you fit for political power even though you do not allow them the use of public wells?Are you fit for political power even though you do not allow them the use of public streets ? Are you fit for political power even though you do not allow them to wear what apparel or ornaments they like ? Are you fit for political power even though you do not allow them to eat any food they like ? † I can ask a string of such questions. But these will suffice. [14:] I wonder what would have been t he reply of Mr. Bonnerji. I am sure no sensible man will have the courage to give an affirmative answer.Every Congressman who repeats the dogma of Mill that one country is not fit to rule another country, must admit that one class is not fit to rule another class. How is it then that the ‘social reform party' lost the battle ? To understand this correctly it is necessary to take note of the kind of social reform which the reformers were agitating for. In this connection it is necessary to make a distinction between social reform in the sense of the reform of the Hindu family, and social reform in the sense of the reorganization and reconstruction of the Hindu Society.The former has a relation to widow remarriage, child marriage, etc. , while the latter relates to the abolition of the Caste System . [15:] The Social Conference was a body which mainly concerned itself with the reform of the high – caste Hindu family. It consisted mostly of enlightened high – caste Hindus who did not feel the necessity for agitating for the abolition of Caste, or had not the courage to agitate for it. They felt quite naturally a greater urge to remove such evils as enforced widowhood, child marriages, etc. evils which prevailed among them and which were personally felt by them. They did not stand up for the reform of the Hindu Society. The battle that was fought centered round the question of the reform of the family. It did not relate to social reform in the sense of the break- up of the Caste System . It [=the break- up of the Caste System] was never put in issue by the reformers. That is the reason why the Social Reform Party lost. [16:] I am aware that this argument cannot alter the fact that political reform did in fact gain precedence over social reform.But the argument has this much value (if not more): it explains why social reformers lost the battle. It also helps us to understand how limited was the victory which the ‘political reform party' ob tained over the ‘social reform party', and to understand that the view that social reform need not precede political reform is a view which may stand only when by social reform is meant the reform of the family. That political reform cannot with impunity take precedence over social reform in the sense of the reconstruction of society, is a thesis which I am sure cannot be controverted. 17:] That the makers of political constitutions must take account of social forces is a fact which is recognized by no less a person than Ferdinand Lassalle, the friend and co- worker of Karl Marx. In addressing a Prussian audience in 1862, Lassalle said: The constitutional questions are in the first instance not questions of right but questions of might. The actual constitution of a country has its existence only in the actual condition of force which exists in the country: hence political constitutions have value and permanence only when they accurately express those conditions of forces which exist in practice within a society. 18:] But it is not necessary to go to Prussia. There is evidence at home. What is the significance of the Communal Award, with its allocation of political power in defined proportions to diverse classes and communities ? In my view, its significance lies in this: that political constitution must take note of social organisation. It shows that the politicians who denied that the social problem in India had any bearing on the political problem were forced to reckon with the social problem in devising the Constitution.The Communal Award is, so to say, the nemesis following upon the indifference to and neglect of social reform. It is a victory for the Social Reform Party which shows that, though defeated, they were in the right in insisting upon the importance of social reform. Many, I know, will not accept this finding. The view is current— and it is pleasant to believe in it—that the Communal Award is unnatural and that it is the resu lt of an unholy alliance between the minorities and the bureaucracy. I do not wish to rely on the Communal Award as a piece of evidence to support my contention, if it is said that it is not good evidence. 19:] Let us turn to Ireland. What does the history of Irish Home Rule show ? It is well – known that in the course of the negotiations between the representatives of Ulster and Southern Ireland, Mr. Redmond, the representative of Southern Ireland, in order to bring Ulster into a Home Rule Constitution common to the whole of Ireland, said to the Ireland, in order to bring Ulster into a Home Rule Constitution common to the whole of Ireland, said to the representatives of Ulster: â€Å"Ask any political safeguards you like and you shall have them. What was the reply that Ulstermen gave? Their reply was, â€Å"Damn your safeguards, we don't want to be ruled by you on any terms. † People who blame the minorities in India ought to consider what would have happened to the political aspirations of the majority, if the minorities had taken the attitude which Ulster took. Judged by the attitude of Ulster to Irish Home Rule, is it nothing that the minorities agreed to be ruled by the majority (which has not shown much sense of statesmanship), provided some safeguards were devised for them ?But this is only incidental. The main question is, why did Ulster take this attitude ? The only answer I can give is that there was a social problem between Ulster and Southern Ireland: the problem between Catholics and Protestants, which is essentially a problem of Caste. That Home Rule in Ireland would be Rome Rule was the way in which the Ulstermen had framed their answer. But that is only another way of stating that it was the social problem of Caste between the Catholics and Protestants which prevented the solution of the political problem.This evidence again is sure to be challenged. It will be urged that here too the hand of the Imperialist was at work. [20:] Bu t my resources are not exhausted. I will give evidence from the History of Rome. Here no one can say that any evil genius was at work. Anyone who has studied the History of Rome will know that the Republican Constitution of Rome bore marks having strong resemblance to the Communal Award. When the kingship in Rome was abolished, the kingly power (or the Imperium) was divided between the Consuls and the Pontifex Maximus.In the Consuls was vested the secular authority of the King, while the latter took over the religious authority of the King. This Republican Constitution had provided that of the two Consuls, one was to be Patrician and the other Plebian. The same Constitution had also provided that of the Priests under the Pontifex Maximus, half were to be Plebians and the other half Patricians. Why is it that the Republican Constitution of Rome had these provisions—which, as I said, resemble so strongly the provisions of the Communal Award?The only answer one can get is that t he Constitution of Republican Rome had to take account of the social division between the Patricians and the Plebians, who formed two distinct castes. To sum up, let political reformers turn in any direction they like: they will find that in the making of a constitution, they cannot ignore the problem arising out of the prevailing social order. [21:] The illustrations which I have taken in support of the proposition that social and religious problems have a bearing on political constitutions seem to be too particular. Perhaps they are.But it should not be supposed that the bearing of the one on the other is limited. On the other hand, one can say that generally speaking, History bears out the proposition that political revolutions have always been preceded by social and religious revolutions. The religious Reformation started by Luther was the precursor of the political emancipation of the European people. In England, Puritanism led to the establishment of political liberty. Puritan ism founded the new world. It was Puritanism that won the war of American Independence, and Puritanism was a religious movement. 22:] The same is true of the Muslim Empire . Before the Arabs became a political power, they had undergone a thorough religious revolution started by the Prophet Mohammad. Even Indian History supports the same conclusion. The political revolution led by Chandragupta was preceded by the religious and social revolution of Buddha . The political revolution led by Shivaji was preceded by the religious and social reform brought about by the saints of Maharashtra . The political revolution of the Sikhs was preceded by the religious and social revolution led by Guru Nanak .It is unnecessary to add more illustrations. These will suffice to show that the emancipation of the mind and the soul is a necessary preliminary for the political expansion of the people. 3 [Why social reform is necessary for economic reform] [1:] Let me now turn to the Socialists. Can the Soc ialists ignore the problem arising out of the social order? The Socialists of India, following their fellows in Europe, are seeking to apply the economic interpretation of history to the facts of India.They propound that man is an economic creature, that his activities and aspirations are bound by economic facts, that property is the only source of power. They therefore preach that political and social reforms are but gigantic illusions, and that economic reform by equalization of property must have precedence over every other kind of reform. One may take issue with every one of these premises—on which rests the Socialists' case for economic reform as having priority over ssue with every one of these premises—on which rests the Socialists' case for economic reform as having priority over every other kind of reform. One may contend that the economic motive is not the only motive by which man is actuated [=motivated]. That economic power is the only kind of power, no stu dent of human society can accept. [2:] That the social status of an individual by itself often becomes a source of power and authority, is made clear by the sway which the Mahatmas have held over the common man. Why do millionaires in India obey penniless Sadhus and Fakirs ?Why do millions of paupers in India sell their trifling trinkets which constitute their only wealth, and go to Benares and Mecca ? That religion is the source of power is illustrated by the history of India, where the priest holds a sway over the common man often greater than that of the magistrate, and where everything, even such things as strikes and elections, so easily takes a religious turn and can so easily be given a religious twist. [3:] Take the case of the Plebians of Rome, as a further illustration of the power of religion over man. It throws great light on this point.The Plebians had fought for a share in the supreme executive under the Roman Republic, and had secured the appointment of a Plebian Cons ul elected by a separate electorate constituted by the Commitia Centuriata, which was an assembly of Plebians. They wanted a Consul of their own because they felt that the Patrician Consuls used to discriminate against the Plebians in carrying on the administration. They had apparently obtained a great gain, because under the Republican Constitution of Rome one Consul had the power of vetoing an act of the other Consul. [4:] But did they in fact gain anything?The answer to this question must be in the negative. The Plebians never could get a Plebian Consul who could be said to be a strong man, and who could act independently of the Patrician Consul. In the ordinary course of things the Plebians should have got a strong Plebian Consul, in view of the fact that his election was to be by a separate electorate of Plebians. The question is, why did they fail in getting a strong Plebian to officiate as their Consul? [5:] The answer to this question reveals the dominion which religion exer cises over the minds of men.It was an accepted creed of the whole Roman populus [=people] that no official could enter upon the duties of his office unless the Oracle of Delphi declared that he was acceptable to the Goddess. The priests who were in charge of the temple of the Goddess of Delphi were all Patricians. Whenever therefore the Plebians elected a Consul who was known to be a strong party man and opposed to the Patricians—or â€Å"communal,† to use the term that is current in India—the Oracle invariably declared that he was not acceptable to the Goddess. This is how the Plebians were cheated out of their rights. 6:] But what is worthy of note is that the Plebians permitted themselves to be thus cheated because they too, like the Patricians, held firmly the belief that the approval of the Goddess was a condition precedent to the taking charge by an official of his duties, and that election by the people was not enough. If the Plebians had contended that e lection was enough and that the approval by the Goddess was not necessary, they would have derived the fullest benefit from the political right which they had obtained. But they did not.They agreed to elect another, less suitable to themselves but more suitable to the Goddess—which in fact meant more amenable to the Patricians. Rather than give up religion, the Plebians give up the material gain for which they had fought so hard. Does this not show that religion can be a source of power as great as money, if not greater? [7:] The fallacy of the Socialists lies in supposing that because in the present stage of European Society property as a source of power is predominant, that the same is true of India, or that the same was true of Europe in the past. Religion, social status, and property are all sources of ower and authority, which one man has, to control the liberty of another. One is predominant at one stage; the other is predominant at another stage. That is the only diffe rence. If liberty is the ideal, if liberty means the destruction of the dominion which one man holds over another, then obviously it cannot be insisted upon that economic reform must be the one kind of reform worthy of pursuit. If the source of power and dominion is, at any given time or in any given society, social and religious, then social reform and religious reform must be accepted as the necessary sort of reform. 8:] One can thus attack the doctrine of the Economic Interpretation of History adopted by the Socialists of India. But I recognize that the economic interpretation of history is not necessary for the validity of the Socialist contention that equalization of property is the only real reform and that it must precede everything else. However, what I would like to ask the Socialists is this: Can you have economic reform without first bringing about a reform of the social order? The Socialists of India do not seem to have considered this question. I do not wish to do them an injustice. I give below aSocialists of India do not seem to have considered this question. I do not wish to do them an injustice. I give below a quotation from a letter which a prominent Socialist wrote a few days ago to a friend of mine, in which he said, â€Å"I do not believe that we can build up a free society in India so long as there is a trace of this ill – treatment and suppression of one class by another. Believing as I do in a socialist ideal, inevitably I believe in perfect equality in the treatment of various classes and groups. I think that Socialism offers the only true remedy for this as well as other problems. [9:] Now the question that I would like to ask is: Is it enough for a Socialist to say, â€Å"I believe in perfect equality in the treatment of the various classes ? † To say that such a belief is enough is to disclose a complete lack of understanding of what is involved in Socialism. If Socialism is a practical programme and is not merely an ideal, distant and far off, the question for a Socialist is not whether he believes in equality. The question for him is whether he minds one class ill treating and suppressing another class as a matter of system, as a matter of rinciple—and thus allowing tyranny and oppression to continue to divide one class from another. [10:] Let me analyse the factors that are involved in the realization of Socialism, in order to explain fully my point. Now it is obvious that the economic reform contemplated by the Socialists cannot come about unless there is a revolution resulting in the seizure of power. That seizure of power must be by a proletariat. The first question I ask is: Will the proletariat of India combine to bring about this revolution? What will move men to such an action?It seems to me that, other things being equal, the only thing that will move one man to take such an action is the feeling that other men with whom he is acting are actuated by a feeling of equality and fr aternity and—above all—of justice. Men will not join in a revolution for the equalization of property unless they know that after the revolution is achieved they will be treated equally, and that there will be no discrimination of caste and creed. [11:] The assurance of a Socialist leading the revolution that he does not believe in Caste, I am sure will not suffice.The assurance must be the assurance proceeding from a much deeper foundation—namely, the mental attitude of the compatriots towards one another in their spirit of personal equality and fraternity. Can it be said that the proletariat of India, poor as it is, recognises no distinctions except that of the rich and the poor? Can it be said that the poor in India recognize no such distinctions of caste or creed, high or low? If the fact is that they do, what unity of front can be expected from such a proletariat in its action against the rich?How can there be a revolution if the proletariat cannot present a united front ? [12:] Suppose for the sake of argument that by some freak of fortune a revolution does take place and the Socialists come into power; will they not have to deal with the problems created by the particular social order prevalent in India ? I can't see how a Socialist State in India can function for a second without having to grapple with the problems created by the prejudices which make Indian people observe the distinctions of high and low, clean and unclean.If Socialists are not to be content with the mouthing of fine phrases, if the Socialists wish to make Socialism a definite reality, then they must recognize that the problem of social reform is fundamental, and that for them there is no escape from it. [13:] That the social order prevalent in India is a matter which a Socialist must deal with; that unless he does so he cannot achieve his revolution; and that if he does achieve it as a result of good fortune, he will have to grapple with the social order if he wi shes to realize his ideal—is a proposition which in my opinion is incontrovertible.He will be compelled to take account of Caste after the revolution, if he does not take account of it before the revolution. This is only another way of saying that, turn in any direction you like, Caste is the monster that crosses your path. You cannot have political reform, you cannot have economic reform, unless you kill this monster. 4 [Caste is not just a division of labour, it is a division of labourers] [1:] It is a pity that Caste even today has its defenders. The defences are many.It is defended on the ground that the Caste System is but another name for division of labour; and if division of labour is a necessary feature of every civilized society, then it is argued that there is nothing wrong in the Caste System. Now the first thing that is to be urged against this view is that the Caste System is not merely a division of labour. It is also a division of labourers . Civilized society undoubtedly needs division of labour. But in no civilized society is division of labour accompanied by this unnatural undoubtedly needs division of labour.But in no civilized society is division of labour accompanied by this unnatural division of labourers into watertight compartments. The Caste System is not merely a division of labourers which is quite different from division of labour—it is a hierarchy in which the divisions of labourers are graded one above the other. In no other country is the division of labour accompanied by this gradation of labourers. [2:] There is also a third point of criticism against this view of the Caste System . This division of labour is not spontaneous, it is not based on natural aptitudes.Social and individual efficiency requires us to develop the capacity of an individual to the point of competency to choose and to make his own career. This principle is violated in the Caste System, in so far as it involves an attempt to appoint tasks to individuals in advance—selected not on the basis of trained original capacities, but on that of the social status of the parents. [3:]