Summary Entrepreneuring as Emancipation Essay Example

Summary Entrepreneuring as Emancipation Essay There exist four main approaches about what entrepreneurs distinguishes from managers: (1) creation of new organizations, (2) high-growth, high- wealth-creating businesses, (3) innovations and creation Of new products and arrests, and (4) recognition and pursuit of profitable opportunities. The underlying assumption is that wealth creation is a fundamental goal of entrepreneurial efforts. Jim Corona: he provides anecdotal evidence that individuals often engage in entrepreneurial for motives other than wealth. Corona was a senior vice president at a large long-distance telephone provider and he stated that decisions came too slow, he had too little control of the work environment, and all corporate decisions were dominated by their impact on next quarters earnings. His CEO asked him to lay off employees in Corpsmans hometown in order to boost the quarterly earnings, however he refused and left the company. He then created his own company to provide jobs for sixty of his laid-off neighbors. This start-up motivation is the intent of the Special Topic Forum (SST) and this article. The given definition of entrepreneurial is consistent with prior research in terms of the creation of newness. The objective of this article is to extend and complement this research. Two goals in this article: (1 ) broaden the focus of entrepreneurship research by drawing attention to the emancipators aspects of entrepreneurial and (2) introducing the papers contained in the SST and elate them to the emancipators perspective. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary Entrepreneuring as Emancipation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Summary Entrepreneuring as Emancipation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Summary Entrepreneuring as Emancipation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Entrepreneurial Business et al suggested an overarching framework that characterizes entrepreneurship in three nouns: (1) entrepreneurs, (2) new ventures, and (3) opportunities. This focus has been valuable, however it also limits the research attention given to the actions and processes that constitute the domain Of entrepreneurship. TO promote attention to research that investigates the doing the call for SST papers is framed in terms of entrepreneurial, following Wick his idea that verbs draw attention to actions and processes geared toward change creation. Additionally, using entrepreneurial encourage researches to study a broader set of actions intended not only to create new wealth but also to bring about new states in relevant economic, social, institutional, and cultural environments. To direct more research to the study of entrepreneurial activities as generators of change, a perspective is developed on why and how entrepreneurial can be viewed as an emancipators process. Emancipators refers to the act of setting free from the power of another. Viewing entrepreneurial projects as emancipators efforts focuses on understanding he factors that cause individuals to seek to disrupt the status quo and change their position in the social order in which they are embedded. The need to develop this perspective arises as the motivation for entrepreneurial is a desire for freedom and independence from conventional structures of authority and income generation. Entrepreneurship research needs to give closer consideration to entrepreneurs dreams for autonomy and change and the processes through which these dreams may be accomplished. Emancipators entrepreneurial When entrepreneurial is viewed through an emancipators lens, there exist here core elements: (1) seeking autonomy, (2) authoring, and (3) making declarations (TABLE 1). Entrepreneurial efforts may involve breaking free from authority and breaking up perceived constraints. These constraints can be of an intellectual, psychological, economic, social, institutional or cultural nature. With regard to taking actions, authoring and making declarations locate an entrepreneurial project in the domains of organization resource exchanges and managing stakeholder interpretations. Seeking autonomy Autonomy is a goal of emancipation which is defined as breaking free from he authority of another. The hope for autonomy is one of the main drivers of efforts to become self-employed. Breaking free suggests the desire to make ones own way in the world, breaking up draws attention to the striving to imagine and create a better world. Analyzing the seeking autonomy aspects of entrepreneurial opens up the following directions in entrepreneurship research: The breaking up aspect of emancipation resonates with the Centenarians view of entrepreneurship as creative destruction. However, the emancipators view goes beyond the Centenarians view by attending to tooth the breaking free and the breaking up. Example: how do entrepreneurial efforts may be affected by different conceptualizations of autonomy? Escaping the default individualist assumptions derived from the disciplines of psychology and economics that have informed it, and theorizing and researching both deeply individualist and social aspects. It involves the breaking up of constraints. The emancipators perspective sees creative destruction as one of its goals (instead of the mean). Entrepreneurial individuals and groups often solve technological and other problems because hey are internally motivated to change their worlds. The emancipators perspective suggests that understanding the constraints that entrepreneurial individuals seek to overcome may give us better insights into the process through which entrepreneurs create (first change, then opportunities). The emancipators perspective suggests that entrepreneurship research should more closely consider the social change agendas inherent in many entrepreneurial projects in order to understand their emancipators potential. It would suggest that a distinction is not only unnecessary but potentially not laid, since many entrepreneurs seek to improve their economic positions through the impact of broader social change. Authoring As emancipators means breaking free and autonomy, taking ownership of oneself, of one acts, and of becoming a trader. The entrepreneur must necessarily attend to the variety of relationships, structures, norms, and rules within which an entrepreneurial project is undertaken. Existing research tends to emphasize how gaining support from structures of power and authority ensures the success of acts of breaking free. Individuals who seek redeem and independence, often find that they become controlled by the arrangements they make to gain legitimacy and access to resources. Viewed from an emancipators perspective, entrepreneurial involves authoring defining relationships, arrangements, and rules of engagement that preserve and potentially enhance the change potential of a given entrepreneurial project. Authoring does not refer to an outright rejection of all established norms and forms of authority but designing arrangements. The emancipators perspective emphasizes the need to consider the possibilities for resource obligation through authoring as a process for protecting the emancipators potential of new ventures. A key direction for entrepreneurship research suggested by the concept of authoring is to examine the conditions and processes through which entrepreneurs can effect such trading of places. Authoring generally about attending to the variety of relationships, structures, norms, and rules within which the entrepreneurial project is undertaken. Entrepreneurship research can make important contributions by directing greater research attention to the creative authoring of relationships and rules wrought which entrepreneurs can Pleasure their dreams and create change. Making declarations Making of declarations: unambiguous discursive and rhetorical acts regarding the actors intentions to create change. The idea of making declarations points to the need to position the project in the webs of meaning within which stakeholders interpret the value of products and activities. Existing research recognizes the importance of activities that influence established patterns of meaning for the success of new ventures. It has analyzed how symbolic and cultural resources, and symbolic actions are deployed to influence the interpretations of stakeholders. An emancipators perspective suggests that rather than disguising the difference associated with entrepreneurial activities and masking the potential contradictions through legitimating activities, entrepreneurial may involve explicitly exposing contradictions in an effort to generate stakeholder support for the intended change in the status quo. The idea of making declarations suggests several new directions: Making declarations raises consequential questions of intuit should be said and how? (signaling and disclosure), who gets to Say and who am I to say? voice), and who out there cares? (audiences). Enables researchers to consider more systematically the inevitability of concentrations arising once declarations are made. The need to systematically examine the use of cultural and symbolic resources for effecting change, rather than acquiring legitimacy. An emancipators perspective suggests the need to attend to the institutional work that accompanies entrepreneurial activities and the constitution of new institutions around new products, projects and activities. The SST articles (4) A limitation of the existing research is that it almost exclusively examines entrepreneurship within formal economies, however, a huge amount of commerce takes place within the informal economy (that segment of economic activity that is illegal within a society but is viewed as legitimate by sizable groups within the society).

Stolen Party cause and effect essays

Stolen Party cause and effect essays The Stolen Party cause and effect In Liliana Hekers essay, The Stolen Party, Rosaura was invited to her rich best friend Lucianas birthday party. Although Rosauras mother worked as a maid for Lucianas family, she never thought of herself as a poor maids daughter. Instead, she truly believed that Luciana was her best friend. When her mother warned her about her lower social status, she ignored her warning and attended the party. At the party, she enjoyed helping out with some little tasks. In the end, the innocent Rosaura was shocked when she discovered that her mother was right all along. Rich people can never treat poor people as their friends, only as their inferior. Rosaura used to go to Lucianas house and they would both finished their homework while Rosauras mother did the cleaning. The two girls would have their tea in the kitchen and shared secrets with each other. Rosaura saw Luciana as her best friends, and she never thought about the problem of being friends with rich people. When Rosauras mother tried to prevent her from being hurt by pointing out the impossibility of a real relationship between poor and rich, Rosaura was deeply offended. She said, I am going because Ive been invited. And Ive been invited because Luciana is my friend. So there. She thought her mother was too conservative. Eventually, her mother helped her get ready on the morning of the party, and helped her look pretty. During the party, Lucianas mother, Senora Ines, was very friendly to Rosaura and asked her to serve the party in a very nice and indirect way. Out of all the guests, she only allowed Rosaura into the kitchen. Her excuse was, You yes, but not the others, theyre much too boisterous.... You knew the house so much better than the others. At the same time, the conversation between Rosaura and Luciana&...

Multilateral treaties vs. customary international law Essay

Multilateral treaties vs. customary international law - Essay Example In my reviewing the literary sources, when getting prepared for the analysis on the subject, I have come to the conclusion that the twentieth century itself has displayed enormous progress in the international law, and though treaties at present seem to take the leading place in the instruments and sources of the international law, it finally appears that both custom and treaty are effective, they interrelate, and moreover, treaties appear to be the means of creating new customs in international law. It is yet under question, which of the two sources of the international law is more effective at present, and is it possible that the multilateral treaty becomes more important and reliable for the world community, than the legal custom, according to which this community is accustomed to live Through the literary sources reviewed, I may assume, that customary and treaty law can't act separately, and are more the means of mutual support, depending on the situation; I may also suggest that both custom and multilateral treaties appear to be the effective vehicles of regulating the international relations in the sphere if law and legislation. Though, in the light of the close interrelation between the custom and the treaty it is at times difficult to decide, which of them appears to work more effectively. Thus, the deep analysis of the present situation is to be performed as follows. Treaties or custom - what is a more effective vehicle of regulating international law First of all, it should be noted, that sometimes we point out the universal international consensus on certain issues, as the use of forces between the States or the areas of criminal justice. Can it be stated, that these are the examples of the custom-working international legal system I might accept that these are the examples of the Customary International Law application, shown through the conduct, which the nations display independently from the treaty-based agreements and keep to this conduct as if based on the law or some oral treaty.1 However, it is also important to note, that 'Customary international law is a conceptual structure, which is represented as an assumed or constructed consensus under which those States, that dissent from a precise obligation that may be defined nevertheless agree to be bound because of the supposed collectively representative nature of the decision'.2 Does this mean that custom has broader action in relation to the participating and non-partici pating parties, and can we thus conclude that ultimately the custom carries greater force than any multilateral treaty It should be remembered, that international law, which as a system appeared a few centuries ago, and has later become general international law, was initially based on the custom, and not on the treaty. The notions of treaty law have become applicable only later with the processes of globalization and the need to solve these global issues by imposing certain obligatory norms on the States - participants of the treaty-making process. Multilateral treaties thus have become the effective instrument of guaranteeing the fulfillment of the obligations by all participating States. Simultaneously, it should not be forgotten, that multilateral treaties are the means of creating norms for only those States, which become the participants of t

Greek Parthenon and Bolshoi Theater in Moscow Essay

Greek Parthenon and Bolshoi Theater in Moscow - Essay Example This essay stresses that many historians have their own view and believe that the Athens accomplished a peace agreement with Persia in 449; two years prior to work began on the Parthenon. This brought significance on the continued existence of Athenian Empire and become the mutual defense against the Persians that ceased authentication. The Greek used the league funds to built the Parthenon and read as an expression of the poise of the Athenians in the newly naked imperialism. Elgin obtained permission to add some decoration to the temple with Marbles. The Parthenon Marbles acquired by Elgin comprise some 17 numbers from the statuary and the east and west pediments. They vary in numbers decorating the horizontal course that is set above the interior architrave of the temple. As the paper declares the Bolshoi theatre is a historic theatre built in Moscow, designed by Joseph Bove that holds the performances of ballet and opera. Originally, its name was Imperial Bolshoi Theatre but later reconstructed and called the Bolshoi theatre, and it held its performances at home, but it obtained the Petrovka Theatre on December 30, 1780 when I started producing plays and operas until it established its due name the Bolshoi theatre. During the construction, the French invasions destroyed the theatre in fire. That now marked a new art building the current theatre on theatre square between 1821 and 1824. Later on, foreign composers entered the inventory around 1840 to join the Russian presentations. The Parthenon is a Doric temple consisting of a rectangular floor plan and series of low steps on every side. It also has a measured colonnade of Doric columns extending around the edge of the whole structure. It is outsized to lodge the oversized statue of Athena, confining the facade and rear porch to a smaller than the usual size (Mary 33). The Doric column remains supported by two-storied arrangement. The width and length structure of the Parthenon allowed for a dramatic background of double-decked columns despite that Doric temples only appear on flanks. The following diagram shows the structure plan of the Parthenon. Retrieved from: Http://academic.reed.edu/humanities/110tech/parthenon.html, on May 08 2013. The back room protected the Athena’s treasure and for columns of the ionic supported its roof. These elements of the Ionic order in the Doric temple became dramatic in the expansion of an incessant frieze on the exterior partition of the cella. Meanwhile, the incorporation of Doric and Ionic elements on the same sanctuary was not a novel order of development in Greek architecture. Parthenon bestows this development as a delicate balance between austere and fragile visual distinctiveness. Viewers only view the interior of the temple from outside through the doors according to the designers. The design

Texas state legislature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Texas state legislature - Essay Example The legislature is charged with a responsibility to formulate and implement policies on issues that affect the Texas population. Crucial issues are addressed by the legislature on behalf of the people. In so doing, the legislature is responsible for ensuring that all parties bound to the policies being introduced are aware of what the policies entails and its effects on the current Texas State. Public participation in the policy implementation and enforcement is crucial in making the right educational impacts of this legislature. Policies enforced Texas should be in line with the limiting powers of other states in observing Texas, thus an application of typical checks and balances. This is an important component of the state. Bills and laws are made and passed for the benefit of the entire population. These bills and laws are tailored towards achieving social, economic and political growth and development. In order the goals and objectives of these bills and laws to be realized, the public must be well aware of what is constituted in each and every bill put forward, as well each and every law that the legislature seeks to uphold (Forman 461). In this regard, laws can be implemented and the constitution amended as provided for in the power and authority of the state, prior to that of the entire US government. Checks and balances provides for an analytical observation of the public welfare in the context of the way the legislature discharges its duty and mandate to the

L. Chinense Growth Conditions and Artificial Pollination

L. Chinense Growth Conditions and Artificial Pollination INTRODUCTION The genus Liriodendron is a distinctive and valuable hardwood that has great ecological and economic values. It grows fast and the wood is light and soft, so it is cultivated in many temperate mountains of the world for wood production [1-4] and it’s recommended for waste landfill remediation [5]. Its a flowering plant with beautiful leaves and hence used for urban landscaping as it provides shading as well. Besides, the tree genus Liriodendron is valued as materials source for honey production, chemical extracts [6-8], biomass and biofuels [9, 10]. The genus Liriodendron survived from the last Ice Age and was distributed in large geographical ranges of North American and East Asian respectively. Currently it comprises only two morphologically similar species, Liriodendron tulipifera L. and Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg. [11]. However L. chinense (Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg.) has been regarded as a rare and endangered plant because it occurs in small, isolated and thinly scattered populations [12]. L. chinense was listed in the IUCN Red List of Endangered Plants in China [13], and has currently been classified as a lower risk or near-threatened species (http://www.iucnredlist.org/). In the process of L. chinense sexual reproduction, the low seed setting percentage is a marked trait. After years of statistics, the setting percentage of L. chinense is not more than 10% in natural state, and it is hard to find the seedling in natural environment [14]. In the last two decades, many researchers have conducted studies, such as examining the relative contribution of the pollen fertility and transfer, availability of resources, flower or seed predation and genetics, to find out why L. chinense only produce few seeds [15-18]. Unfortunately, there has been no consistent conclusion. Pollination, as a key event in reproductive process of plants, especially in rare or endangered plant species like L. chinense that have low seed production, is probably one of the weak links in the reproductive cycle. Any barrier occurring between pollen and stigma interaction will lead to low seed production, however, few studies have focused on the pollination in L. chinense. Zhou and Fan ex amined the pollen quality, pollen germination and growth on stigma using fluorochroma method. The results indicated that in vivo the pollen grains can load on about 64% pistils of the gynoecium, but the rate of pollen tube passing the style is low, only 24% [19]. In addition to few pollen tubes passing the style, the pollen tubes may grow twined or in no direction, suggesting that only a smaller percent of the pollen tubes penetrates the micropyle and enter into ovule [20, 21]. These results show that the interaction between pollen and stigma occurs in different phases after pollen grains loading on stigma, and there are different barriers distributed in stigma surface, style and ovule during pollen tube growth. In self-compatible plants, the pollen-stigma interaction comprises six stages between pollen and pistil: pollen capture and adhesion, pollen hydration, pollen germination, penetration, growth of pollen tube through the stigma and style, pollen tube enter into the ovule and discharge the sperm cells [22]. After the pollen-stigma interaction, the nuclei of two gametes fuse to form the zygote. However, in self-incompatible plants, no matter the barriers occurs in which stage of interaction, there is no formation of a viable zygote. Previous studies in L. chinense showed that many pollen grains germinated on pistils of the gynoecium but few pollen tubes could penetrate the pistil style, and most of the pollen tube couldn’t pass through micropyle and enter into ovule. This phenomenon suggests that there might be other factors affecting pollen-stigma interaction in L. chinense. To verify this hypothesis, we conducted a systematic morphological and proteomic analysis on the pistil of L. chinense during pollination. The result provides new insights in the mechanism underlying sexual reproduction in L. chinense. MATERIALS AND METHODS L. chinense growth conditions and artificial pollination The L. chinense plants was grown in Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences. During the flowering season, which extends from late April to May, the branches with flower buds which were about to open were cut from the tree and cultivated with half-strength Hoagland’s nutrient solution in greenhouse under 14 h light (400-800ÃŽ ¼molm-2s-1) at 26 ±2oC and 10 h darkness at 20 ±2 oC [23]. The relative humidity was maintained at 60-70% [19]. The flower buds with an opening on top and a probability of opening the following day were chosen and the androecium was emasculated at night before pollination. Artificial pollination was done the next afternoon as follow: Mature pollen grains were harvested from open flowers and then were smeared on the pistils without androecium using a soft brush. This artificially pollinated pistil was cut from the flower 30 minutes after pollination and stored in liquid nitrogen. Similarly, the pistil after 1 h pollination was harvested, sto red in liquid nitrogen. The harvested un-pollinated pistil was stored in liquid nitrogen. All three of these samples were named as S2, S3, and S1 respectively and stored in -80 oC freezer. All three treatments (S1, S2, and S3) were repeated five times respectively. Paraffin section Anthers and pistils were fixed in FAA solution containing 5% glacial acetic acid, 5% formaldehyde, 70% ethanol at room temperature for 24 h. After dehydration and infiltration, the samples were embedded in paraffin and cut into 10- µm-thick sections by Rotary Microtome Leica RM2265 (Germany). Then the sections were sealed by neutral balsam and photographed by Olympus-BX51 (Japan). Gel-based proteomics in L. chinense Protein extraction and 2-DE Proteins of pistils were extracted as previously described [24]. Briefly, 0.25-0.3 g of pistils were ground in 2 ml pre-cooled homogenization buffer which contains 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH7.5), 250 mM sucrose, 10mM EGTA, 1% Triton X-100, 1 mM PMSF, and 1 mM DTT. The homogenate was shifted into a centrifugal tube and centrifuged at 12000Ãâ€"g for 30 min at 4 oC. The supernatant was collected in new centrifugal tube and mixed with 3 volumes cold acetone. The tube was kept at -20 oC at least 2 h, and then centrifuged at 12000Ãâ€"g for 30 min at 4 oC, and the precipitate was collected and washed with cold acetone three times. After centrifugation, the pellet was vacuum-dried. The immobilized pH gradient strips (17 cm, pH 4-7 linear, Bio-Rad, USA) were loaded with 350 ÃŽ ¼l sample buffer containing 800 ÃŽ ¼g sample proteins at room temperature in tray for 16 h. Isoelectric focusing was performed with the PROTEAN IEF system (Bio-Rad, USA) for a total 80000 V-hr. Then the strips were equilibrat ed in equilibration buffer I (6 M urea, 2% SDS, 0.375 M Tris-HCl pH 8.8, 20% glycerol, and 130 mM dithiothreitol) for 15 min and equilibration buffer II (6 M urea, 2% SDS, 0.375 M Tris-HCl pH 8.8, 20% glycerol, and 135 mM iodoacetamide) for 15 min sequentially. After equilibration, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was carried out with 12% acrylamide gels. The 2-DE gels were stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) R-250. Image analysis of 2-DE gels The 2-DE gels were scanned at 600 DPI resolutions with an EPSON PERFECTIONTM V700 PHOTO scanner (Epson (china) Co., Ltd.). The images were analyzed with PDQuestTM 2-DE Analysis Software (Version 8.0, Bio-Rad, USA). Spot volumes were normalized by total spot volumes per gel to avoid experimental variations among 2-DE gels. Comparisons and statistical analysis were performed using the calculated average values of each biological replicate among the three different treatments. The protein spots with more than a two fold change among treatments and that passed a Student’s t-test (P Protein identification by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS The significant differentially expressed spots were excised from the gel manually, and washed with double distilled water twice for 20 min, then distained with 100 ÃŽ ¼l of 50 mM NH4HCO3 in 50% v/v acetonitrile (ACN) for 1 h until the gel is mostly colorless at room temperature. The liquid was removed and 50 ÃŽ ¼l ACN was added to dehydrate the gel. After drying the gel, 25 mM NH4HCO3 containing 10 pmol trypsin (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) was added to the tube and kept at 4 oC for 1 h, and then it was kept at 37 oC overnight. The proteins were then digested according to the method described before [25]. The peptides were extracted and collected using three kinds of solution (0.1% TFA/99.9% acetonitrile, 0.1% TFA/99.9% H2O, 0.1% TFA/50% acetonitrile/49.9% H2O) from gel spot. The peptide solution was concentrated to 10 ÃŽ ¼l, and then desalted by ZipTip C18â„ ¢ pipette tips (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). After trypsin digestion, the protein peptides were dried by SpeedVac. Then pept ides were dissolved in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, and then 1 ÃŽ ¼l of the sample solution was loaded on Anchor Chip Standard (Bruker Daltonics Inc, Germany). After the Anchor Chip drying, the matrix solution (20 g/L HCCA, TA 95%) was loaded on point corresponding to the location of the sample to a target spot. Through ultrafleXtreme (Bruker Daltonics Inc, Germany) Operation, the PMF data was obtained. The instrument parameters for MS acquisition were list as follows: laser intensity was 20%-26%, reflector detector voltage was 2438 V. Protein identification using MS/MS raw data was performed with flexAnalysis software (Bruker Daltonics Inc, Germany) coupled with Mascot Server software (version 2.4.01) based on the NCBI protein database and SwissPort database of green plants. The searching parameters were set as follows: peptide masses were assumed to be monoisotopic, 100 ppm was used as mass accuracy, a maximum of one missing cleavage site, and modifications which included Carbamidom ethy and Oxidation were considered. (The timestamp of NCBI protein database is 2011/11/09, there were 949,856 sequences of Green Plants and 5,512,397,590 redundant total sequences in NCBI database; the timestamp of SwissPort 57.15, there were 28,783 sequences of Green Plants and 515,203 sequences non-redundant total sequences in SwissPort). The proteins which scores greater than 42 (NCBI) or 26 (SwissPort) (P Gel-free proteomics in L. chinense Protein extraction The protein samples for iTRAQ were recovered in lysis buffer (30 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.5, 7 M urea, 2 M thiourea, and 4% [w/v] CHAPS) by phenol extraction and methanol/ammonium acetate precipitation as described previously [26]. The protein pellets were resuspended in buffer (7 M urea, 2 M thiourea, 4 % CHAPS and 10 mM DTT) in a minimal volume and protein was quantified using BCA protein assay kit (Pierce, USA). Digestion and iTRAQ labeling About 100 ÃŽ ¼g proteins of each sample per tube were prepared. Then it was reduced by adding DTT to a final concentration of 12 mM and incubated for 1 h at 37 oC. Subsequently, iodoacetamide was added to a final concentration of 50 mM, and the mixture was incubated for 1 h at room temperature in the dark. Then the mixture was transferred to centrifugal units (VN01H02, Sartorius, Germany) and centrifuged at 12,000Ãâ€"g for 20 min, and then the filtrate was discarded. Subsequently, 8 mM urea solution was added into the centrifugal units and centrifuged, repeated this step twice. After that, 100 ÃŽ ¼l dilute buffer (50 mM triethylammonium bicarbonate) was added into the centrifugal units and centrifuged. Then 50 ÃŽ ¼l dilute buffer containing 2 ÃŽ ¼g modified trypsin (Promega) was added into the centrifugal units at 37 oC overnight. The resulting peptides were then labeled with iTRAQ reagents (AB Sciex, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For each time point (i.e ., S1, S2, and S3), each sample was iTRAQ labeled 3 times except S3. (i.e., 113-, 116-, 119-iTRAQ tags for S1 3 replicates. 114-, 117-, 121-iTRAQ tags for S2 3 replicates. 115-, 118- iTRAQ tags for S3 2 replicates.) MS/MS Analysis Then the mixture of labeled peptides was concentrated and acidified to a total volume of 2 mL. Labeled peptides were desalted with C18-solid phase extraction and dissolved in strong cation exchange (SCX) solvent A (25% (v/v) acetonitrile, 10 mM ammonium formate, and 0.1% (v/v) formic acid (pH 2.8). The peptides were fractionated using an Agilent HPLC system 1260 with a polysulfoethylA column (2.1 Ãâ€" 100 mm, 5  µm, 300 Ã…; PolyLC, Columbia, MD, USA). Peptides were eluted with a linear gradient of 0–20% solvent B (25% (v/v) acetonitrile and 500 mM ammonium formate (pH 6.8) over 50 min followed by ramping up to 100% solvent B in 5 min. The absorbance at 280 nm was monitored, and a total of 37 fractions were collected. The fractions were combined into 12 final fractions and lyophilized. A quadrupole time-of-flight (LTQ Orbitrap XL) MS system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) was applied as described previously [27]. It interfaced with an Eksigentnano-LC AS2 syste m (Eksigent Technologies, LLC, Dublin, CA) using high energy collision dissociation (HCD). Each fraction was loaded onto an Agilent Zorbax 300SB-C18 trap column (0.3 mm id Ãâ€" 5 mm length, 5  µm particle size) with a flow rate of 5  µl/min for 10 min. Reversed-phase C18chromatographic separation of peptides was carried out on a pre-packed BetaBasic C18PicoFrit column (75  µm id Ãâ€" 10 cm length, New Objective, Woburn, MA) at 300 nl/min using the following gradient: 5% B for 1 min as an equilibration status; 60% B for 99 min as a gradient; 90% B for 5 min as a washing status; 5% B for 10 min as an equilibration status (solvent A: 0.1% formic acid in 97% water, 3% ACN; solvent B: 0.1% formic acid in 97% ACN, 3% water). Database Search and Quantification The MS/MS data were processed by a thorough search considering biological modification and amino acid substitution against non-redundant NCBI green plants 20131014.fasta (1,544,439 contigs) under the Sequest ®algorithm of Proteome Discoverer.1.4 software (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). Protein function analysis by blast2go software (http://www.blast2go.com/b2ghome) was conducted according to the early literature [28-31]. The search results were passed through additional filters before exporting the data. For protein identification, the filters were set as follows: significance threshold Phttp://mascot-pc/mascot/help/quant_config_help.html); S2/S1 or S3/S1 ratios >2 and

Comparison of Sound of Waves and Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the Sea :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparison of Sound of Waves and Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the Sea There are many similarities between Yukio Mishima's â€Å"The Sound of Waves" and â€Å"The Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the Sea,† but there are also some important differences. The endings of the two novels seem to oppose each other, however some of the imagery and characters personalities in the novels make them very similar. In â€Å"Sailor,† one of the main characters is named Ryuji. He is a sailor, and later a father, and plays a central role in the novel. In â€Å"Waves,† Ryuji is used as the name for a character again. However, this Ryuji is not seen often in the action -- he is instead a medium through which the two main characters are forced to communicate. The Ryuji in â€Å"Waves† is also a young boy, while in â€Å"Sailor† he is a weathered man. In both novels, the Westernization of Japan is used as a motif. In â€Å"Sailor,†Fusako is the proprietress of an import shop and her home and lifestyle are both very Western. This Westernization is something that would lead to the eventual downfall of Ryuji. In â€Å"Waves,† Churiko, a more western-thinking, college-educated girl, is the character that creates the problems which must be overcome. It seems that Mishima is trying to communicate to the readers that Westernization is not a good thing for Japan. In r eal life, we know that Mishima did think this was true. He would commit ritual suicide for his beliefs about the emperor. The sea is of course of central importance in both novels. Surprisingly though, the two novels do not share the same view of the ever-changing force. In â€Å"Sailor,† Ryuji describes the sea as, â€Å"another kind of prison.(16)† In â€Å"Waves†, Shinji, the main character, feels surprisingly free when he first ventures onto the sea: â€Å" ‘I'm free!’ he shouted in his heart. This was the first time he had realized there could be such a strange sort of freedom as this.(150)† Another contrast between the two books deals with the ending. In â€Å"Sailor,† it is the fulfillment of love that causes the death of Ryuji, the heroic seaman. When Ryuji finds Fusako he stops his work as a man of the sea and chooses to work in her store to make her happy. In â€Å"Waves,† the young lovebirds are not destroyed by the s ea as Ryuji was, they are united by it. Comparison of Sound of Waves and Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the Sea :: comparison compare contrast essays Comparison of Sound of Waves and Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the Sea There are many similarities between Yukio Mishima's â€Å"The Sound of Waves" and â€Å"The Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the Sea,† but there are also some important differences. The endings of the two novels seem to oppose each other, however some of the imagery and characters personalities in the novels make them very similar. In â€Å"Sailor,† one of the main characters is named Ryuji. He is a sailor, and later a father, and plays a central role in the novel. In â€Å"Waves,† Ryuji is used as the name for a character again. However, this Ryuji is not seen often in the action -- he is instead a medium through which the two main characters are forced to communicate. The Ryuji in â€Å"Waves† is also a young boy, while in â€Å"Sailor† he is a weathered man. In both novels, the Westernization of Japan is used as a motif. In â€Å"Sailor,†Fusako is the proprietress of an import shop and her home and lifestyle are both very Western. This Westernization is something that would lead to the eventual downfall of Ryuji. In â€Å"Waves,† Churiko, a more western-thinking, college-educated girl, is the character that creates the problems which must be overcome. It seems that Mishima is trying to communicate to the readers that Westernization is not a good thing for Japan. In r eal life, we know that Mishima did think this was true. He would commit ritual suicide for his beliefs about the emperor. The sea is of course of central importance in both novels. Surprisingly though, the two novels do not share the same view of the ever-changing force. In â€Å"Sailor,† Ryuji describes the sea as, â€Å"another kind of prison.(16)† In â€Å"Waves†, Shinji, the main character, feels surprisingly free when he first ventures onto the sea: â€Å" ‘I'm free!’ he shouted in his heart. This was the first time he had realized there could be such a strange sort of freedom as this.(150)† Another contrast between the two books deals with the ending. In â€Å"Sailor,† it is the fulfillment of love that causes the death of Ryuji, the heroic seaman. When Ryuji finds Fusako he stops his work as a man of the sea and chooses to work in her store to make her happy. In â€Å"Waves,† the young lovebirds are not destroyed by the s ea as Ryuji was, they are united by it.

Developmentally Appropriated Practice For Preschoolers Education Essay

Nowadays more and more parents are looking for appropriate attention for their kids. DAP gives an chance realize all wants and outlook of parents. Developmentally Appropriate Practice ( DAP ) is a attention that takes into history each kid ‘s degree of physical, social-emotional, linguistic communication, rational, and adaptative development. Children provided with the chance to prosecute in DAP are better set up for success in school and society. The subject of DAP is discussed in the book â€Å" Developmentally Appropriate Practice: Course of study and Development in Early Education † , by Carol Gestwicki. The book explains what DAP is and touches such subjects as developmentally appropriate physical, societal, emotional, cognitive and linguistic communication environments. The methodic and plan of DAP differ for every age group ( Infants, Toddlers, Preschoolers, Primary-Aged Children ) . The preschool age kids develop larning activities that include linguistic communication, motor physical activity and motions. Such activities normally include mystifiers and blocks, wheel playthings and climbers, dramatic drama moving and narrative relation. Preschoolers enjoy different experiences and activities such as cutting paper and fabric some cookery and other art activities. Children of this age already can acknowledge forms, colourss ; they can even utilize simple math and problem-solving accomplishments. At this age kids combine thoughts, their memory is turning and their motor accomplishments are bettering. Children show a large involvement in the written linguistic communication. Kids besides develop an involvement in the universe around them, are fond of particular events and trips. Adults should listen to kids, promote originative drama, fall in them in activities, aid to construct self-esteem, and set consistent bounds. Preschoolers need grownups to promote and back up their originative drama, articulation in their activities, assist them to understand societal norms, and set consistent bounds with them. Three and four-year-old kids should be given ample chances to derive experience with linguistic communication, big motor physical activities, motion, and all right motor activities. Adults who work with kindergartners should hold warm, fostering personality with appropriate behaviour, willing to larn, be dependable, to understand the emerging demand for the kindergartner to set up friendly relationships and have. Adult should accept different attention giving methods and techniques, besides read, talk and listen to the kid. Developmentally appropriate patterns include social/emotional, cognitive, physical and linguistic communication development. Social and emotional development of kindergartners. It is really of import for kindergartners to develop their accomplishments in societal and emotional domains which are keys to their success in life, every bit good as, school. The surveies of scientists explain how necessary societal and emotional preparedness is to a kindergarten activities, success in school, and their ulterior grownup achievements. There are three cardinal ends for societal and emotional development. The first is the Sense of Self. It deals with a fact of how childs feel valued and accepted by the people whom they love. The 2nd is the Responsibility for Self and Others. It deals with developing wonts and character qualities such as duty, and independency, autonomy of a kid, and following regulations and modus operandis. The 3rd key is the Prosocial Behavior, which works with qualities such as empathy and sharing that that will assist kids to collaborate in the universe. Cognitive development of kindergartners is the procedure of larning how to believe and happen a ground. Such accomplishments are connected with literacy and mathematics. Such domains as scientific discipline and societal surveies, are besides includes the same as the humanistic disciplines, and engineering. Such development is non merely memorising facts. Preschool kids are â€Å" larning to larn. † Such accomplishment is of import for future acquisition. The three ends are: acquisition and job resolution, logical thought, representation and symbolic thought activity. Learning and Problem Solving teaches small kids how they should information, resources, and stuffs they have. Kids learn how to believe about their thoughts, how to do anticipations, and besides how to prove possible solutions. The qualities such as wonder, continuity, and using cognition, make larning more of import than merely larning new facts about the universe. Logical Thinking helps kindergartners to understand the information they are garnering. Children attempt to compare and contrast things, to screen and sort. Besides kids learn to number, step and so on. Representation and Symbolic Thinking aid kids to concentrate on how they use symbols in idea. Symbols can be objects, people or representations through drawings. Symbolic believing besides includes. Physical accomplishments are besides really of import for the bettering accomplishments in reading, composing, scientific discipline, and math. Physical development affects societal and emotional development because childs gain assurance while they learn what their organic structures can make. The more childs can make, the more their want to seek new and more hard undertakings appear. The two ends for motor accomplishments are: gross motor and all right motor. Gross motor development involves the motions that are controlled by the organic structure ‘s big musculuss while all right motor development wage attending to commanding, coordination, and sleight of the little musculuss in the kids ‘s custodies. Environment for activities should be clean and safe ; the plaything and stuffs should be displayed on unfastened, low shelves. There should be countries for the undermentioned types of acquisition centres or infinite for kids to play with the following types of stuffs: dramatic drama, blocks, art: colouring, picture, pulling, pasting, etc. The country should include sand and H2O district for playing games. Working stuffs should include books. Activities should include music and motions, while the manipulatives would be mystifiers, nogs, little building points scientific discipline. There besides need to be included some sort of big motor country for throwing, siting, mounting, jumping, running ; are for separate cot/mat for single sleeping ; some private, getaway infinites. All countries ought to be soft. The stuffs that are normally used in DAP with kindergartners are siting playthings, balls/bean bags to throw, mounting equipment, books, blocks ( different forms, textures, weights, colourss, sizes plus vehicles, animate beings ) . Such dramatic drama stuffs as vesture, theme points ( house, physician ‘s office, food market shop, etc. ) are besides used. Teachers and parents should utilize art supplies: assorted sorts of pigments, crayons, markers, chalk, assorted sorts of paper, drama dough, gum, paste, scissors, etc. while the composing supplies should include: pens, pencils, paper, stapling machine, paper cartridge holders, envelopes, following letters and Numberss, etc. Language development plays a great function in development of kindergartners because a foundation in linguistic communication development gives childs accomplishments needed to go successful scholars. The researches show that kids who have large linguistic communication experiences in preschool are more volitionally to do stronger their linguistic communication and literacy accomplishments. The ability of kids to listen, compose, read and talk is developed interdependently. The ends for linguistic communication development are: hearing, speech production, reading and composing. Listening and Talking involves spoken linguistic communication. Such accomplishments as holding a big vocabulary and ability to show oneself are of import for kids. Reading and Writing involves the aid of grownups to do sense of written linguistic communication for kids as they enjoy reading. Such development additions kid ‘s ability to manage books and understand the intent of book and how it works, it besides teaches how to recite a narrative. Preschoolers learn the alphabet and words while playing games. Developmentally appropriate pattern for kids should be alone for every kid, because all kids are different and have different abilities. Parents should cognize that the acquisition and development of their kids depends on heed to all facets of a kid ‘s wellbeing. Attention should be paid to physical, societal, emotional and cognitive dimensions of kid development.

Evaluation Of Investment Alternatives Essay

Introduction – Capital budgeting A critical role of a financial manager is the evaluation of capital projects.   This is a very important task because the money involved in such activities is significant and the benefit or loss derived from will highly influence the financial performance of the whole organisation (Brockington R. B. 1996, p 102).   Indeed, Nobel laureates Modigliani and Miller suggested in their theory of capital structure that the value of a company is not affected by its gearing, but the primary factor that influences such value is the investment in wealth creating projects (Pike R. et al.   1999. p 557 and 577). 1.1   Evaluation of plans if their risk equals that of the firm 1.1.1 Net Present Value Method PLAN X Details 0 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 1 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 2 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 3 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 4 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 5 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 Initial Investment (2,700)                Cash Flows    470 610 950 970 1,500 Net Cash Inflow/(Outflow) (2,700) 470 610 950 970 1,500 12% Discount Rate 1.0000 0.89286 0.79719 0.71178 0.63552 0.56743 Present Value (2,700) 419.64 486.29 676.19 616.45 851.15 Net Present Value – â‚ ¬349,720 PLAN Y Details 0 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 1 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 2 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 3 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 4 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 5 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 Initial Investment (2,100)                Cash Flows    380 700 800 600 1,200 Net Cash Inflow/(Outflow) (2,100) 380 700 800 600 1,200 12% Discount Rate 1.0000 0.89286 0.79719 0.71178 0.63552 0.56743 Present Value (2,100) 339.29 558.03 569.42 381.31 680.92 Net Present Value – â‚ ¬428,970 Source:   Drury C. 1996, p 389. 1.1.2 Internal Rate of Return Method PLAN X Year Net Cash Inflow/(Outflow) Discount Factor* Present Value    â‚ ¬ 16% 17% 16% 17% 0 (2,700,000) 1.0000 1.0000 (2,700,000) (2,700,000) 1 470,000 0.86207 0.85470 405,172.90 401,709.00 2 610,000 0.74316 0.73051 453,327.60 445,611.10 3 950,000 0.64066 0.62437 608,627.00 593,151.50 4 970,000 0.55229 0.53365 535,721.30 517,640.50 5 1,500,000 0.47611 0.45611 714,165.00 684,165.00 Net Present Value 17,014 (57,723) PLAN Y Year Net Cash Inflow/(Outflow) Discount Factor* Present Value    â‚ ¬ 18% 19% 18% 19% 0 (2,100,000) 1.0000 1.0000 (2,100,000) (2,100,000) 1 380,000 0.84746 0.84034 322,034.80 319,329.20 2 700,000 0.71818 0.70616 502,726.00 494,312.00 3 800,000 0.60863 0.59342 486,904.00 474,736.00 4 600,000 0.51579 0.49867 309,474.00 299,202.00 5 1,200,000 0.43711 0.41905 524,532.00 502,860.00 Net Present Value 45,670.80 (9,560.80) Source: Horngren T. C. et al. 1997, p 785 – 787. 1.1.3 Evaluation of projects Plan Y is more financially feasible under both methods.   The net present value of Plan Y is â‚ ¬79,250 [â‚ ¬428,970 – â‚ ¬349,720] higher than Plan X.   The internal rate of return of Plan Y is also 2.61% higher than the other plan, indicating a higher margin of safety on losses in case the expected cash flows are not achieved (Randall H. 1996, p 446). 1.2 Examination of plans at different risk profiles 1.2.1 Net Present Value Method PLAN X Details 0 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 1 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 2 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 3 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 4 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 5 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 Initial Investment (2,700)                Cash Flows    470 610 950 970 1,500 Net Cash Inflow/(Outflow) (2,700) 470 610 950 970 1,500 13% Discount Rate 1.0000 0.88496 0.78315 0.69305 0.61332 0.54276 Present Value (2,700) 415.931 477.722 658.398 594.920 814.140 Net Present Value – â‚ ¬261,111 PLAN Y Details 0 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 1 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 2 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 3 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 4 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 5 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 Initial Investment (2,100)                Cash Flows    380 700 800 600 1,200 Net Cash Inflow/(Outflow) (2,100) 380 700 800 600 1,200 15% Discount Rate 1.0000 0.86957 0.75614 0.65752 0.57175 0.49718 Present Value (2,100) 330.437 529.298 526.016 343.050 596.616 Net Present Value – â‚ ¬225,417 Source:   Hirschey M. et al. 1995, p 799. 1.2.2 Comparison of decisions at different risk rates When the discount rate of the project is considered instead of the overall rate of the company, the financial viability of Plan Y diminishes because this plan is a riskier project than the other one and hence, a higher discount rate is chosen.   The process of discounting arises from the time-value of money principle, and the higher the discount rate the lower the present value from the cash flows generated from the project (Pike R. et al. 1999, p 66 & 67).   In such a stance, Plan Y is no longer the most optimal project because Plan X net present value exceeds that of Plan Y by â‚ ¬35,694 (â‚ ¬261,111 – â‚ ¬225,417). 1.3 Analysis of real option data for plans 1.3.1 Net Present Value Method PLAN X Details 0 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 1 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 2 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 3 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 Initial Investment (2,700)          Cash Flows    470 610 950 Net Cash Inflow/(Outflow) (2,700) 470 610 950 13% Discount Rate 1.0000 0.88496 0.78315 0.69305 Present Value (2,700) 415.931 477.722 658.398 Net Present Value: -â‚ ¬1,147,949 + (â‚ ¬100,000 x 25%) = -â‚ ¬1,122,949 PLAN Y Details 0 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 1 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 2 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 3 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 4 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 5 â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢000 Initial Investment (2,100)                Cash Flows    380 700 800 600 1,200 Net Cash Inflow/(Outflow) (2,100) 380 700 800 600 1,200 15% Discount Rate 1.0000 0.86957 0.75614 0.65752 0.57175 0.49718 Present Value (2,100) 330.437 529.298 526.016 343.050 596.616 Net Present Value: â‚ ¬225,417 + (â‚ ¬500,000 x 20%) = â‚ ¬325,417 Source:   Lucey T. 2003, p 416. 1.3.2 Comparison of real option plans with original plans If we consider and apply the real options available, Project Y becomes the best project, on the contrary of the conclusion noted in sub-section 1.2.2.   It is also worth nothing that the application of the real option for Plan X is not financially viable because we will end up with a negative net present value.   If we compare the net present value of Plan Y under the real options scheme with the net present value of Plan X we can deduce that Plan Y real options project is more feasible than the other plan since the net present value is â‚ ¬64,306 higher [â‚ ¬325,417 – â‚ ¬261,111]. 1.4 Effect of Capital Rationing Capital rationing is an absolute restriction on the amount of finance available for a project irrelevant of cost.   This should not be confused with scarcity of economic resources.   Capital rationing on projects is sometimes applied even though the organization posses or can attain available finance.   For example, a capital rationing may be imposed on the amounts of debts an organisation can take in order to limit the gearing of the firm (Brockington R. B. 1996, p 151). When conditions of capital rationing are imposed, there is the possibility that the most optimum project is not selected.   Therefore yes capital rationing may effect the selection of Plan X or Plan Y.   For example if a capital rationing is adopted by the firm which states that the initial investment cannot exceed â‚ ¬2,000,000 due to its effect on gearing. Under such conditions no Plan would be selected by the firm.   Another example of capital rationing that will affect the project choice is if management decided to restrict expansion of the factory, because they fear that control on employees may be lost affecting negatively their relationship and control on staff.   In this case Plan X would be excluded, even though it is the most optimal project as denoted in sub-section 1.2.2., and the available choice would be Plan Y. 1.5 Financial instruments available for private companies The alternative financial instruments that the firm can use, apart from shares are: Corporate Bonds & Debentures; Overdraft facility by the bank; Bank loan; Venture capital; and Leasing 1.5.1 Advantages and disadvantages of corporate bonds/debentures The advantages related to corporate bonds are (E*Trade Financial website): Corporate bonds are usually lent at a longer period of time (Veale R. S. 2000, p 155). Interest payments for bonds are tax deductible. Interest rates of corporate bonds are frequently lower than those of banks. Percentage ownership of shareholders is not weaken by the issue of corporate bonds or debentures (Veale R. S. 2000, p 156) The disadvantages encountered with corporate bonds are: Obligation of interest on the firm’s cash flow, thus increasing the risk of bankruptcy during periods of financial problems. Upon maturity, the company has to pay back all the amount of the bond. 1.5.2 Advantages and disadvantages of bank overdraft facility A bank overdraft facility can provide the following benefits (tutur2u website): Allows flexibility of finance.   The company can increase the overdraft facility within acceptable limits. Interest is only charged on the amount used and is tax deductible. Percentage ownership of shareholders is not diluted by taking an overdraft facility. The disadvantages imposed by an overdraft facility are (tutur2u website): Rates of interest are higher than those of bank loans. Money due is repayable on demand. The facility limit can be changed by the bank according to its discretion. Usually used for short-term borrowing. 1.5.3 Advantages and disadvantages of bank loans These are the advantages derived from bank loans (tutur2u website): Loan is repaid back in regular payments thus allowing better cash management. Lower interest charged than bank overdraft. Percentage ownership of shareholders is not diluted by taking an overdraft facility. Large amounts can be borrowed for long term finance. Limitations of this type of finance are (tutur2u website): Interest has to be paid within a specified date. Less flexible than an overdraft facility. 1.5.4 Advantages and disadvantages of venture capital The advantages of venture capital are (Business Link website): Obtain proficient management expertise, if they get involved in the firm’s operations. Large sums of finance can be obtained from venture capital. The disadvantages incurred by using such medium of finance are (Business Link website): Require detailed financial reporting like business plans and financial estimates. Legal and accountancy fees are incurred in the negotiation process. Firm require a proven track record to take such finance. High returns are frequently expected from venture capitalists.       15.5 Advantages and disadvantages of leasing The advantages obtained from leasing are (Enterprise. Financial Solutions website): Provides 100% financing of asset. There is no need of credit lines with banks and other depositary associations, which are hard to obtain. Minimal paperwork required to acquire lease. Acts as hedging against inflation. Flexible payments are allowed in leasing. Interest on leasing is not subject to increases like bank overdrafts. The disadvantages encountered through leasing finance are (Auto Leasing Software Lease Tips website): The organisation is committed to the entire validity period of the lease. High amounts of insurance coverage are frequently demanded in leases. No ownership of the asset the firm is using in the project’s operations. References: Auto Leasing Software Lease Tips.   Disadvantages of leasing (on line).   Available from:   http://www.autoleasingsoftware.com/LeaseTips/Disadvantages.htm (Accessed 13th March 2007). Brockington R. B. (1996).   Financial Management.   Sixth Edition.   London:   DB Publications. Business Link.   Equity Finance (on line).   Available from:   http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?type=RESOURCES&itemId=1075081582 (Accessed 13th March 2007). Drury C. (1996).   Management and Cost Accounting.   Fourth Edition.   London:   Thomson Business Press. Enterprise.Financial Solutions.   Advantages of leasing (on line).   Available from:   http://www.efsolutionsinc.com/Advantages_of_leasing.htm (Accessed 13th March 2007). E*Trade Financial.   Corporate Bonds Overview (on line).   Available from:   https://us.etrade.com/e/t/kc/KnowArticle?topicId=13200&groupId=8722&articleId=8723 (Accessed 13th March 2007). Hirschey M; Pappas L. J. (1995).   Fundamental of Managerial Economics.   Fifth Edition.   Orlando:   The Dryden Press Horngren T. C.; Foster G.; Srikant M. D. (1997).   Cost Accounting – A Managerial Emphasis.   Ninth Edition.   London:   Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited. Lucey T. (2003).   Management Accounting.   Fifth Edition.   Great Britain:   Biddles Ltd. Pike R.; Neale B. (1999).   Corporate Finance and Investment.   Third Edition.   London:   Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited. Randall H. (1999).   A Level Accounting.   Third Edition.   Great Britain:   Ashford Colour Press Ltd. Tutur2u.   Bank Loans and Overdrafts (on line).   Available from:   http://www.tutor2u.net/business/gcse/finance_bank_loans_overdrafts.htm (Accessed 13th March 2007). Veale R. S. (2000).   Stocks, Bonds, Options and Futures.   Second Edition.   United States of America:   New York Institute of Finance.

Malcolm X vs. Skins essays

Malcolm X vs. Skins essays Though the films Malcolm X and Skins are produced by different people at different times, they have some similarities. Although neither film is a documentary both films show great detail no matter what type of stereotype both films would get by viewers. Documentaries serve their purpose, but they can often set the tone as these are people studied from an outside perspective rather than this would be ones family if one lived there. To really communicate across cultures both kinds of films are needed, and that is why these two are great films. The character traits, religion differences, and overall lifestyles are in some ways similar throughout the films. It is debated by reviewers rather Director Spike Lee altered some of Malcolm Xs history to make a more entertaining movie. Others feel that the civil rights leader was the embodiment of evil and was undeserving of this filmed tribute. Nevertheless, no film is perfect and no docudrama is historically accurate, but Malcolm X is totally engrossing from start to finish. The imagery helps bring the conflict, drive and sincerity of Malcolm X to life. In the movie, it becomes so obvious that Malcolm had just reached a kind of Buddhist nirvana in his Islamic faith. Had he been allowed to live, his newly found spiritual insight gained from his pilgrimage to Mecca most likely would have helped to enlighten other Americans, Muslim or Christian, white or black. Malcolm appears on the verge of something even greater than he had previously been. Malcolm appears to be on the verge of becoming a national and perhaps even global spiritual and secular leader at the time of his death. Skins could almost be called a documentary, but it would not have been better treated as one. Through the film, the truth of life in Pine Ridge is revealed in a way that enables it to be shown in a feature film to the mass public, to those who woul ...

Electronic monitoring is interesting technology but has no real value Research Paper

Electronic monitoring is interesting technology but has no real value in community corrections - Research Paper Example Crowe, Sydney, Bancroft, and Lawrence (2002) identify that electronic monitoring and the systems designed to support this surveillance effort do not provide the necessary community corrections due to media representation of these systems to the general public. The authors offer an interesting case study of electronic monitoring in the Northeast U.S. in which the ratio of re-arrest for criminal activities was significantly lower for monitored offenders than those who were not monitored electronically. However, media involvement became a community-wide and organization-wide problem when one participant in the electronic monitoring program committed manslaughter during the period when they were being supervised. Media influence seemed to make the community lose faith in electronic monitoring and even served to scrap a successful electronic monitoring program in the process. This particular case study and acknowledgement of media influence causing problems with these systems tends to show that media involvement can make these programs unsuccessful even if they are providing superior statistical results related to re-arrest. Because media is a large part of the American culture, influencing everything from fashion to politics, how the community reacts to different media portrayal of corrections programs such as electronic monitoring will greatly impact their success. This represents that electronic monitoring may have unintended social forces, such as media and community expectations, which can greatly contribute to failure. Since in the case study negative media ended the program, then many communities may find that their own correction system is at risk in the event that offenders conduct further criminal behavior while on the monitoring system and social outcry is created that is spread by global media. There is also evidence that some

4 Ps of Marketing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

4 Ps of Marketing - Term Paper Example The reason behind the success of business includes a long process where the achievement of success depends on marketing. The success associated with the marketing process depends upon various marketing strategies and these marketing strategies deal with 4 Ps of marketing. Thus, the implementation of marketing strategies in an appropriate manner is very important in order to achieve success by an organization. In other words, the marketing mix is the combination of all the marketing plans made by an organization (Belohlavek, 2008). Each of these four P’s is very important factors for an organization in order to create such a marketing mix which will easily attract customers towards the organization. It helps in determining the profit potential of an organization. Product means the goods/services which are offered to the customers by an organization. Apart from the offering of the physical product, there are various other elements associated with the product which helps in attra cting the customers. It can be the packaging of the product, any additional feature in the product etc. In the case of service product, it is the quality of services, the facilities provided to the customers, etc which help to attract the customers towards the organization. ...In a similar way, basic products which are used regularly should be positioned targeting the price conscious customers. Some of the important aspects associated with the products are design, warranties, brand name, product range, etc. Customer research is one of the key elements while creating an effective marketing mix. The organization’s knowledge about the needs and demands of the target market as well as about the competitors will help it to offer the product that will be appealing to the customers and will avoid various mistakes. Addition of a new product in the business always includes an acceptable amount of risk/return exchange. For example- If the company is very good, with a high brand name, t hen providing services on time is the most important part of the product bundle.